Glorious Revolution

The 1688–1689 overthrow of James II and accession of William III and Mary II established lasting parliamentary limits on the English monarchy.

James II of England: The last Catholic monarch to rule England, Scotland, and Ireland, whose deposition began the Glorious Revolution. His religious policies and use of royal power alienated leading political and religious groups.
English Bill of Rights: The 1689 statute that restricted royal powers and affirmed parliamentary rights in England. It codified key limits on the Crown after William and Mary took power.
Anne, Queen of Great Britain: The younger daughter of James II who succeeded William III as queen in 1702. Her place in the succession shaped the political consequences of Mary and William’s childlessness.
Dutch invasion of England: William of Orange’s 1688 military landing in England with a Dutch-led force. The invasion displaced James without a decisive battle in England and triggered the change of regime.
Jacobitism: A movement seeking the restoration of the Stuart dynasty to the British and Irish thrones. Its supporters rejected the revolution’s transfer of the crown and defended James’s hereditary claim.
William of Orange: The Dutch stadtholder who invaded England in 1688 and became king alongside Mary II. English opponents of James invited him to intervene, making his landing the revolution’s turning point.
Act of Settlement 1701: An English statute that restricted the succession to Protestant heirs and regulated royal authority. It extended the revolution’s settlement by securing a Protestant succession.
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough: An English military commander and politician who rose to prominence under William III and Queen Anne. His defection from James’s service reflected the elite realignments that weakened the king.
Declaration of Rights: The 1689 statement of constitutional principles presented to William and Mary before they accepted the English crown. It set out the conditions on which the Convention Parliament offered the throne.
Divine right of kings: The doctrine that monarchs derive their authority directly from God rather than from their subjects or institutions. It conflicted with the claim that Parliament could treat James as having abdicated.

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