Hamidian massacres

The Hamidian massacres were mass killings of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire between 1894 and 1896 under Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

Armenian Question: The diplomatic and political disputes over Armenians’ status and security in the Ottoman Empire. Reform demands and international pressure framed the crisis preceding the massacres.
Hamidiye cavalry: Irregular cavalry units recruited largely from Kurdish tribes and organized by the Ottoman state in the 1890s. Some units participated in attacks on Armenian communities during the massacre period.
Armenian diaspora: Armenian communities living outside the Armenian homeland through migration and displacement. The violence intensified emigration and strengthened communities abroad.
Urfa: A historic city in southeastern Anatolia, known in Armenian as Edessa. Its Armenian quarter suffered mass killing during the 1895–1896 violence.
Sasun uprising: An 1894 Armenian resistance and Ottoman military campaign in the Sasun district of Bitlis province. Its suppression became the first major episode of the massacre period.
Zeytun rebellion: An 1895 Armenian uprising in the mountainous district of Zeytun against Ottoman authority. Its siege and suppression show how rebellion claims could trigger collective punishment.
Armenian Genocide: The systematic destruction of the Ottoman Armenian population during the First World War, especially from 1915 to 1917. The earlier massacres are often studied as a precursor, though they were a distinct episode.
Diyarbakır: A city in southeastern Anatolia that was a major administrative center of the Ottoman Empire. Massacres there and in its surrounding region show the violence’s reach beyond Sasun.
Abdul Hamid II: The Ottoman sultan who ruled from 1876 to 1909. The massacres occurred during his reign and became associated with his government.
Sassoun: A mountainous district in Bitlis province, eastern Anatolia, inhabited largely by Armenians and Kurds. The 1894 violence there set a pattern of military repression and civilian deaths.

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