House of Plantagenet

The royal dynasty that ruled England from 1154 to 1485, including the branches of Lancaster and York. Its reign saw the expansion of royal government, prolonged conflicts with France, and dynastic civil wars.

Matilda, Duchess of Anjou: The daughter of Henry I of England who claimed the English throne after her father’s death. Her disputed succession began the civil war from which the first Plantagenet king emerged.
Angevin Empire: The collection of territories ruled by Henry II and his sons across England, France, and Ireland. It shows the wide and politically fragmented lands held by early Plantagenet kings.
Richard I of England: King of England from 1189 to 1199, known as Richard the Lionheart. His reign illustrates the dynasty’s crusading kingship and the cost of ruling far from England.
Battle of Bouvines: A 1214 battle in which Philip II of France defeated a coalition that included King John’s allies. Its outcome helped end Plantagenet hopes of recovering lost continental territories.
House of Tudor: The royal dynasty that ruled England from 1485 to 1603, beginning with Henry VII. Henry VII’s victory at Bosworth replaced Plantagenet rule with a new royal house.
The Anarchy: The civil war between supporters of Stephen of England and Matilda from 1135 to 1153. Its settlement secured the succession of Matilda’s son, Henry II.
Common law: A legal system developed through judicial decisions and shared rules applied in courts. Royal courts under the Plantagenets helped extend common legal procedures across England.
John of England: King of England from 1199 to 1216 and the youngest surviving son of Henry II. His loss of French lands and conflict with barons weakened Plantagenet rule.
Second Barons' War: An English civil war from 1264 to 1267 between Henry III and rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort. The conflict tested royal authority and produced an influential representative assembly.
House of Lancaster: A branch of the English royal family descended from John of Gaunt, ruling from 1399 to 1461 and briefly in 1470–71. Lancaster was one of the two rival Plantagenet branches in the Wars of the Roses.

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