Ibn Taymiyya

Ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328) was a Sunni Muslim theologian, jurist, and preacher from Damascus. His writings defended scripturalist theology and criticized religious practices and doctrines he considered innovations.

Qur'an: The central scripture of Islam, understood by Muslims as revelation given to Muhammad. Ibn Taymiyya treated the Qur'an as a primary authority for doctrine and law.
Tawhid: The Islamic doctrine of God's absolute oneness and uniqueness. His theology made uncompromising divine unity the standard for evaluating belief and worship.
Ahmad ibn Hanbal: A ninth-century Muslim jurist and theologian whose teachings became the basis of the Hanbali school. Ibn Taymiyya drew on Hanbali authority and presented himself within its scholarly inheritance.
Mongol invasions of the Levant: A series of Mongol military campaigns into Syria and the Levant during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The invasions prompted his legal arguments about fighting Mongol rulers who professed Islam.
Salafism: A modern Sunni movement that calls for emulating the beliefs and practices of the earliest Muslim generations. Some Salafi scholars treat Ibn Taymiyya as a major authority, though his medieval context differs from theirs.
Hadith: Reports about the words, actions, and approvals of Muhammad, transmitted through chains of narrators. His reasoning frequently appeals to hadith and their assessment by early Muslim authorities.
Tawassul: Seeking nearness to God through an intermediary, such as a person, prayer, or deed. His rulings distinguished permissible means of supplication from practices he regarded as impermissible.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya: A fourteenth-century Muslim scholar and jurist who studied with and closely followed Ibn Taymiyya. His student helped transmit and develop Ibn Taymiyya's legal and theological arguments.
Mardin Fatwa: A legal opinion by Ibn Taymiyya addressing the status of Mardin under Mongol rule. It captures his attempt to classify a city governed by Muslims within a hostile political order.
Wahhabism: An eighteenth-century religious reform movement in Arabia associated with Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Its writings drew substantially on Ibn Taymiyya's critiques of saint veneration and religious innovation.

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