Linked from

The 68 pages that link to International Monetary Fund, each with the reason it gives.

• John Maynard KeynesRelated: Its creation reflected the postwar monetary negotiations in which Keynes played a leading role.

• Bretton Woods systemRelated: The IMF outlived the pegged system and remains its principal institutional legacy.

• Asian financial crisisRelated: It organized rescue packages for Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea, with conditions that remain disputed.

• Balance of paymentsRelated: It uses external-account analysis when assessing financing needs and designing lending programs.

• Washington ConsensusRelated: It was one of the Washington-based institutions whose policy priorities Williamson summarized.

• Kim Dae-jungRelated: Its 1997 bailout shaped the economic restructuring pursued under Kim.

• Global financial crisisRelated: It provided financing and policy guidance to countries hit by cross-border turmoil.

• Structural adjustmentRelated: Its lending programs have often made structural reforms conditions for financial support.

• Floating exchange rateRelated: Its rules and surveillance shape how countries manage exchange-rate regimes.

• Foreign exchange reservesRelated: The IMF lends during external crises, complementing countries' own reserve buffers.

• Capital controlsRelated: Its policy framework addresses when restrictions on capital flows may be appropriate.

• General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeRelated: Its postwar role complemented GATT’s trade framework within the wider global economic system.

• Sovereign debtRelated: It often lends to governments facing balance-of-payments and sovereign financing crises.

• Democratic deficitRelated: Its lending conditions can shape domestic policy while decision-making remains remote from affected populations.

• Joseph StiglitzRelated: Stiglitz became a prominent critic of its crisis-lending conditions and policy prescriptions.

• Economic policyRelated: Its programs can influence national policy choices during financial crises.

• Kim Young-samRelated: South Korea accepted an emergency IMF loan during the 1997 crisis at the close of Kim’s term.

• CaracazoRelated: IMF-backed adjustment shaped the reform agenda associated with the unrest.

• Debt sustainabilityRelated: Its country-program decisions often depend on whether public debt is judged sustainable.

• Global North and Global SouthRelated: Its lending and policy conditions have been debated for their effects on poorer countries.

• Global SouthRelated: Its lending conditions have made it a focal point of debate about policy autonomy and unequal influence.

• Sovereign Debt CrisisRelated: IMF programs often provide financing alongside fiscal and economic policy conditions.

• Turgut ÖzalRelated: An IMF-backed stabilization program preceded the reforms Özal helped implement.

• Carlos Andrés PérezRelated: Pérez’s 1989 reforms followed an agreement for financing with the Fund.

• Offshore financial centreRelated: Its research and assessments provide a broader institutional view of offshore financial centres.

• Currency swapRelated: IMF lending is a multilateral alternative to bilateral central-bank currency support.

• European Payments UnionRelated: The IMF’s global role contrasts with the Union’s regional mechanism for settling European trade balances.

• Triffin dilemmaRelated: Its reserve allocations and lending address aspects of global liquidity provision.

• Edward SeagaRelated: Seaga’s government negotiated IMF-supported programs to address Jamaica’s balance-of-payments crisis.

• International political economyRelated: Its lending conditions expose tensions between financial stability and domestic policy choices.

• Cristina Fernández de KirchnerRelated: Relations with the IMF became a major point of dispute between Kirchnerism and its political opponents.

• James CallaghanRelated: The 1976 loan became a lasting symbol of the economic constraints on Callaghan’s government.

• Mexican peso crisisRelated: The IMF provided financing and policy support as Mexico faced severe external funding needs.

• 1998 Russian financial crisisRelated: IMF lending and its limits became central to debate over how the crisis was handled.

• Ernesto ZedilloRelated: The IMF joined the United States and other lenders in assembling emergency support for Mexico in 1995.

• International economicsRelated: Its programs address crises involving currencies, external payments, and national adjustment.

• Robert MundellRelated: Mundell worked at the IMF early in his career, where he engaged with international monetary policy.

• Economy of EgyptRelated: Egypt has used IMF programs to secure financing and commit to economic policy changes.

• GlobalismRelated: It links national economies through shared financial rules, assistance, and surveillance.

• Lenín MorenoRelated: Moreno’s government sought IMF financing and adopted reforms tied to its economic program.

• Miguel de la MadridRelated: IMF-backed financing and conditions shaped Mexico’s stabilization efforts.

• P. V. Narasimha RaoRelated: India sought IMF assistance during the 1991 crisis while undertaking stabilization measures.

• Pedro Pablo KuczynskiRelated: His early work included service at the IMF before his roles in Peru’s government.

• Christine LagardeRelated: She served as its managing director from 2011 to 2019, overseeing lending and crisis response.

• Javier MileiRelated: Argentina’s IMF program constrains and supports the government’s economic choices.

• Middle East and North AfricaRelated: Its Middle East and Central Asia department uses a regional frame that differs from standard MENA.

• Paris ClubRelated: An IMF-supported program has traditionally helped establish the policy framework for Club negotiations.

• Raghuram RajanRelated: Rajan served as its chief economist from 2003 to 2006.

• World economyRelated: Its surveillance and lending address strains that can spread through international finance.

• Developed countryRelated: Its economic groupings show how development labels enter global financial analysis.