Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer arising from lymphocytes, white blood cells that help coordinate immune defense. It commonly forms tumors in lymph nodes or other lymphatic tissues.

Lymphocyte: A lymphocyte is a white blood cell involved in immune defense, including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. Lymphomas arise when lymphocytes acquire changes that enable uncontrolled growth.
Clonal evolution: Clonal evolution is the accumulation and selection of genetic changes among descendants of a cell. Lymphoma cells can acquire additional mutations that alter aggressiveness and treatment response.
Lymphoma staging: Lymphoma staging describes how far lymphoma has spread through lymphatic and other tissues. Stage helps characterize disease extent and informs treatment planning.
Leukemia: Leukemia is a cancer of blood-forming tissues that often produces malignant cells circulating in blood and bone marrow. Unlike typical lymphoma presentation, leukemia commonly involves blood and marrow prominently.
Minimal residual disease: Minimal residual disease is a small amount of cancer remaining after treatment, below detection by conventional methods. Sensitive detection may help estimate relapse risk in selected lymphoma types.
B cell: A B cell is a lymphocyte that can produce antibodies and develop into memory or antibody-secreting cells. Most lymphomas arise from B cells, including many common subtypes.
Apoptosis: Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells. Disrupted cell-death signals can let abnormal lymphocytes survive and accumulate.
Lymph node biopsy: A lymph node biopsy removes tissue for examination to diagnose diseases affecting a lymph node. Tissue architecture and cell markers are central to classifying suspected lymphoma.
Multiple myeloma: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, antibody-producing cells that usually reside in bone marrow. It arises from a mature B-cell lineage but is classified separately from lymphoma.
Treatment resistance: Treatment resistance is the ability of disease cells to survive therapies that previously controlled or targeted them. Resistance can limit durable control of lymphoma and motivate new treatment combinations.

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