Manetho

Manetho was an Egyptian priest and historian who composed a Greek-language history of Egypt in the third century BCE. His lost work remains a major source for the traditional sequence of Egyptian dynasties.

Ptolemaic Kingdom: A Hellenistic kingdom ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt from 305 to 30 BCE. Manetho wrote during this kingdom’s early years, when Greek became a language of scholarship in Egypt.
Manethonian dynasties: The sequence of Egyptian ruling houses attributed to Manetho, conventionally numbered from the First through the Thirtieth Dynasty. This division of Egyptian rulers is the most durable feature of his historical scheme.
Egyptian dynasties: Sequences of ruling families used to divide the political history of ancient Egypt. Manetho’s numbering gave later historians a durable way to divide Egypt’s rulers.
Herodotus: A fifth-century BCE Greek historian whose Histories include an account of Egypt. Herodotus described Egyptian customs and the past before Manetho’s dynastic history.
Egyptian chronology: The system of dating and ordering events in ancient Egyptian history. Manetho’s dynastic sequence became one framework for organizing Egypt’s past.
Aegyptiaca: Manetho’s Greek-language history of Egypt, known mainly through quotations and summaries by later authors. The lost work is the source from which Manetho’s historical framework is reconstructed.
Egyptian king lists: Ancient Egyptian records that list kings, often in an ordered sequence. These records offer evidence against which Manetho’s transmitted lists can be compared.
Hecataeus of Abdera: A Greek historian and ethnographer active around the late fourth and early third centuries BCE. His account of Egypt offers a Hellenistic Greek comparison to Manetho’s history.
Pharaoh: The title commonly used for the rulers of ancient Egypt. Manetho organized much of Egyptian history around successive lines of rulers.
Eusebius of Caesarea: A fourth-century Christian bishop and historian who compiled a chronicle of world history. His chronicle preserves a version of Manetho’s dynastic king lists.

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