Knowra Medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata is the lower part of the brainstem, between the pons and spinal cord. It contains pathways and neural circuits that regulate breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and protective reflexes.
Respiratory centers : Brainstem neural networks that generate and regulate the rhythm and depth of breathing. Medullary networks help generate breathing rhythms and adjust them to the body's needs.
Brainstem : The central nervous system structure linking the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord, comprising the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The medulla is the brainstem's lowest major division.
Lateral medullary syndrome : A neurological syndrome caused by injury to the lateral medulla, commonly from posterior inferior cerebellar artery or vertebral artery blockage. Its distinctive sensory, swallowing, and balance deficits map damage to lateral medullary structures.
Gag reflex : A protective reflex in which stimulation of the pharynx triggers contraction of pharyngeal muscles. Medullary circuits involving cranial nerves IX and X coordinate this protective response.
Cardiovascular center : Brainstem circuits that regulate heart activity and blood vessel tone through autonomic pathways. Medullary circuits influence heart rate and vascular tone to help control blood pressure.
Pons : The brainstem region between the midbrain and medulla, with connections to the cerebellum and roles in sleep and respiration. The pons lies directly above the medulla and shares respiratory functions with it.
Medial medullary syndrome : A stroke syndrome caused by injury to the medial medulla, often involving the anterior spinal artery territory. Its weakness and sensory findings reflect injury to pathways running through the medial medulla.
Cough reflex : A protective respiratory reflex that expels irritants from the airways through a forceful expiration. Medullary networks organize the breathing sequence that produces a cough.
Nucleus tractus solitarius : A medullary nucleus that receives visceral sensory signals, including input from cranial nerves IX and X. It integrates sensory feedback used in cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive reflexes.
Spinal cord : The elongated central nervous system structure that carries signals between the brain and the body and coordinates reflexes. The medulla continues into the spinal cord at the skull's base.
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