Muslim conquest of Egypt

The seventh-century campaign by Arab Muslim forces that ended Byzantine rule in Egypt and brought the province under the Rashidun Caliphate.

Amr ibn al-As: An Arab commander who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and became its first governor. He commanded the forces that advanced through Egypt and negotiated its surrender.
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628: A long war between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires that ended in 628 with both states severely strained. The war weakened Byzantine resources shortly before Muslim forces entered Egypt.
Fustat: The garrison town founded by Arab forces in Egypt in 641, near the site of modern Cairo. It became the new administrative center after the conquest.
Muslim conquest of the Levant: The seventh-century campaigns that brought Syria and Palestine from Byzantine rule under Muslim control. These campaigns preceded and helped set the strategic context for the invasion of Egypt.
Battle of Heliopolis: A battle near Babylon in 640 in which Muslim forces defeated a Byzantine army defending Egypt. The victory opened the way for the Muslim siege of Babylon.
Sasanian conquest of Egypt: The Persian occupation of Egypt from 619 until Byzantine forces recovered the province in 629. Recent occupation and reconquest left the province unsettled before the next invasion.
Islamization of Egypt: The gradual spread of Islam among Egypt’s population after the seventh-century conquest. Muslim rule began a long religious transformation rather than an immediate mass conversion.
Muslim conquest of Persia: The seventh-century campaigns that ended Sasanian rule and brought Persia under Muslim control. It was the parallel conquest of the other major empire weakened by the Byzantine–Sasanian wars.
Babylon Fortress: A Roman fortress near modern Cairo that guarded the southern approaches to the Nile Delta. Its long siege was the campaign’s central struggle for control of the Nile corridor.
Heraclius: Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641 who restored the empire after its war with Persia. His government faced the Muslim invasion while still rebuilding imperial control.

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