Muslim conquest of the Levant

The Muslim conquest of the Levant was the seventh-century expansion that brought Byzantine territories in the region under Muslim rule.

Battle of Yarmouk: A major battle in 636 in which Muslim forces defeated the Byzantine army near the Yarmouk River. The Byzantine defeat at Yarmouk opened the way for Muslim control of much of Syria.
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628: A prolonged war between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires that ended with the restoration of their prewar boundaries. The conflict exhausted both empires shortly before the Arab campaigns began.
Khalid ibn al-Walid: An Arab Muslim commander who led campaigns in Arabia, Iraq, and Syria during the early caliphate. He is traditionally credited with a leading role in the victory at Yarmouk.
Umayyad Caliphate: The caliphate ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750, with its capital at Damascus. Damascus became the center of a caliphate built upon the conquered Syrian territories.
Damascus: A city in present-day Syria with a long history as a regional political and cultural center. Its capture established a key base for Muslim rule in Syria.
Siege of Jerusalem (637–638): The siege and negotiated surrender through which Muslim forces took Jerusalem from Byzantine rule. Jerusalem’s surrender extended the conquest into Palestine through an agreement rather than a storming of the city.
Byzantine Empire: The medieval continuation of the Roman Empire, centered on Constantinople. The Levant was a Byzantine province before Muslim armies entered the region.
Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah: A companion of Muhammad and commander associated with the Muslim conquest of Syria. He became a principal commander in the campaigns and the administration of conquered Syria.
Jund Filastin: A military-administrative district of the early Islamic caliphate in southern Palestine. The conquered lands were organized into districts that replaced Byzantine provincial administration.
Jerusalem: A city sacred to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, located in the southern Levant. Its negotiated transfer became one of the conquest’s most consequential episodes.

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