Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the founder of the Republic of Turkey and its first president. He led the Turkish national movement after World War I and directed the republic’s early reforms.

İsmet İnönü: A Turkish general and statesman who served as prime minister and the second president of Turkey. He commanded forces in the War of Independence and became Atatürk’s leading political associate.
World War I: A global war fought from 1914 to 1918, principally between the Allied and Central Powers. The Ottoman Empire’s defeat created the crisis from which Atatürk’s national movement arose.
Grand National Assembly of Turkey: Turkey’s national legislature, first convened in Ankara in 1920 during the War of Independence. It supplied the nationalist movement with a legislature and rival source of sovereignty.
Turkish alphabet reform: The 1928 replacement of the Ottoman Turkish Arabic-based script with a Latin-based alphabet. Atatürk promoted the change as a defining reform in literacy and national culture.
Kemalism: The political principles and reforms associated with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the early Turkish Republic. It names the ideological tradition built around his state-building program.
Fevzi Çakmak: A Turkish field marshal who served as chief of the general staff during the War of Independence. He helped organize the military command structure that supported the national movement.
Armistice of Mudros: The October 1918 armistice that ended Ottoman participation in World War I. Its terms enabled Allied occupation and intensified opposition to Ottoman surrender.
Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate: The Turkish Grand National Assembly’s 1922 decision to abolish the Ottoman sultanate. This ended the monarchy before the republic was proclaimed.
Turkish Civil Code of 1926: A civil code adopted in Turkey in 1926, based largely on the Swiss Civil Code. Its adoption advanced legal reform and altered family law in the early republic.
Atatürk's mausoleum: Anıtkabir is the monumental mausoleum in Ankara where Atatürk is buried. Its ceremonies and architecture express the republic’s public commemoration of its founder.

Linked from 52 pages