Peruvian War of Independence

The conflict from 1811 to 1826 in which royalist and patriot forces fought for control of Peru, ending Spanish rule and securing Peruvian independence.

San Martín's Expedition to Peru: The 1820 campaign that brought José de San Martín and his forces from Chile to Peru to challenge Spanish rule. Its landing at Paracas opened the campaign that led to Lima's evacuation and independence.
José de San Martín: An Argentine general who led independence campaigns in Argentina, Chile, and Peru. He proclaimed Peru's independence in Lima in 1821 after arriving with an army from Chile.
Túpac Amaru II rebellion: An extensive Andean uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Túpac Amaru II in 1780–1781. Its suppression did not end Indigenous resistance or the grievances that later fueled independence.
Peruvian Declaration of Independence: The 1821 declaration in Lima that proclaimed Peru independent from Spain. It formalized San Martín's political break with Spain before royalist forces were defeated.
Peruvian royalism: Political and military support for continued Spanish monarchy in Peru during the independence era. Royalist Peruvians resisted the patriot project and remained powerful until the campaigns of 1824.
Battle of Junín: An 1824 cavalry battle in the Peruvian Andes, won by the patriot army under Simón Bolívar. Its victory weakened royalist control shortly before the decisive battle at Ayacucho.
Simón Bolívar: A Venezuelan revolutionary leader who helped liberate several South American territories from Spanish rule. He took command of the patriot campaign in Peru and secured victory at Junín and Ayacucho.
Rebellion of Cuzco: A 1814–1815 uprising in southern Peru led by the Angulo brothers and Mateo Pumacahua. It was a major Peruvian revolt against Spanish authority before San Martín's expedition.
Republic of Peru: The sovereign republic established after Peru's independence from Spain. The war's victory created a republic whose institutions and borders remained unsettled.
Peruvian independence movement: The political and social movement that sought to end Spanish authority and establish self-government in Peru. The movement included local rebellions and political organizing beyond the foreign-led campaigns.

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