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The 59 pages that link to Photoelectric effect, each with the reason it gives.

• Quantum mechanicsRelated: Einstein's photon explanation showed light transfers energy in quanta.

• Albert EinsteinRelated: Einstein explained its frequency threshold by treating light as energy packets, work honored by his Nobel Prize.

• PhotonRelated: Its frequency threshold shows that light transfers energy in photon-sized amounts.

• Ionizing radiationRelated: It explains how X-rays and gamma rays can eject bound electrons.

• Planck constantRelated: Einstein’s explanation used photon energy hf to account for the frequency threshold.

• Max PlanckRelated: Einstein used Planck’s energy quantum to explain why light frequency controls electron emission.

• Compton scatteringCompared with: It absorbs the photon rather than scattering it with reduced energy.

• X-rayRelated: Absorption of an X-ray can eject a bound electron and leave an atomic vacancy.

• Pair productionCompared with: It converts photon energy into an electron’s kinetic energy rather than creating new massive particles.

• Charge-coupled deviceRelated: In a CCD, absorbed photons generate electron–hole pairs that supply the image charge.

• Gamma rayRelated: At lower gamma-ray energies, absorption can eject an electron from an atom.

• OpticsRelated: Its dependence on light frequency supported the photon model.

• X-ray fluorescenceRelated: Absorption of an incident X-ray can eject an inner-shell electron and initiate fluorescence.

• PhotodetectorRelated: It explains how photons can free charge carriers that produce a measurable current.

• X-ray spectroscopyRelated: Photoelectron spectroscopy converts photon energies into electron binding energies.

• PhotoionizationRelated: It is the closely related surface process, governed by photon energy and electron binding.

• Photomultiplier tubeRelated: Light releases electrons from the photocathode, beginning the signal chain.

• Wave–particle dualityRelated: Its energy thresholds supported the idea that light transfers energy in discrete quanta.

• Heinrich HertzRelated: Ultraviolet light altered the sparks in Hertz’s receiver, an early observation of this effect.

• RadiographyRelated: This interaction contributes strongly to contrast between bone and soft tissue.

• PhotovoltaicsCompared with: Unlike photovoltaic conversion, the classic effect ejects electrons from a surface into an external space.

• Thermionic emissionCompared with: Light, rather than heating, supplies the energy for electron escape.

• Ultraviolet catastropheRelated: Its later explanation provided independent evidence for quantized light–matter interactions.

• PhotoconductivityCompared with: It ejects electrons from a material, whereas photoconductivity changes conductivity within it.

• Work functionRelated: Its threshold frequency reveals the work needed to eject an electron.

• Photoelectron spectroscopyNarrower topic: The method relies on this effect to eject electrons from the sample.

• Corpuscular theory of lightRelated: Einstein explained its frequency threshold by treating light energy as discrete quanta, a modern particle aspect distinct from corpuscles.

• De Broglie wavelengthRelated: Einstein’s photon explanation supplied the light-matter relation that inspired de Broglie’s symmetry.

• Electromagnetic interactionBroader topic: It directly demonstrates energy transfer from photons to charged particles.

• Wave theory of lightCompared with: Its dependence on light frequency challenged classical wave theory.

• Quantum efficiencyRelated: Photoelectron yield is one form of quantum efficiency.

• Matter waveRelated: Einstein's photon explanation supplied the wave-particle precedent de Broglie extended to matter.

• Gamma-ray spectroscopyRelated: Complete photon absorption can produce the full-energy peaks used for identification.

• Quantum theoryRelated: Its frequency threshold supported the idea that light exchanges energy in discrete quanta.

• Scintillation detectorRelated: Photocathodes use this effect to convert scintillation photons into electrons.

• Cathode rayCompared with: It releases electrons using light rather than an emitting cathode in a tube.

• X-ray absorption spectroscopyNarrower topic: Core-electron photoemission is the event that initiates an absorption measurement.

• Robert MillikanRelated: Millikan measured how emitted electrons’ energies varied with light frequency.

• Arthur ComptonRelated: It had already shown that light exchanges energy with matter in particle-like quanta.

• Max von LaueCompared with: Its explanation showed a particle aspect of light unlike Laue’s evidence for X-ray waves.

• X-ray detectorRelated: In many detectors, this interaction converts an incoming X-ray into an energetic electron.

• Auger effectCompared with: It can create the inner-shell vacancy that subsequently triggers Auger relaxation.

• Philipp LenardBroader topic: Lenard measured how light frequency and intensity affected emitted electrons.

• Planck relationRelated: Einstein used photon energies hν to explain why emission depends on light frequency.

• CaesiumRelated: Caesium’s low work function lets visible light release electrons from suitable surfaces.

• QuantizationRelated: Einstein explained its frequency threshold using quantized light energy.

• Kai SiegbahnNarrower topic: Its energy-conservation principle underlies the photoelectron measurements central to Siegbahn’s method.

• Modern physicsRelated: Einstein’s explanation used light quanta, strengthening the case for quantum theory.

• Willard BoyleRelated: In image sensors, incoming photons generate the charge that a CCD later transfers and measures.

• Annalen der PhysikRelated: Einstein's 1905 explanation of this effect appeared in the journal.