Puyi

Puyi (1906–1967) was the last emperor of China, enthroned as the Xuantong Emperor in 1908. After the Qing dynasty fell, he later served as a ruler under Japanese sponsorship in Manchukuo.

Qing dynasty: China’s last imperial dynasty, which ruled from 1644 until 1912. Puyi inherited its throne as the dynasty confronted revolution and collapse.
Qing abdication edict: The 1912 decree ending Qing imperial rule while granting the former imperial household certain privileges. It ended Puyi’s reign but allowed him to remain in the Forbidden City.
Manchukuo: A Japanese-controlled state established in Manchuria in 1932 and dissolved in 1945. Puyi became its chief executive and later its emperor.
Reginald Johnston: A Scottish diplomat and tutor who taught Puyi in the Forbidden City. Johnston’s memoir records their relationship and Puyi’s education.
The Last Emperor (1987 film): Bernardo Bertolucci’s 1987 biographical film about Puyi, filmed partly in Beijing’s Forbidden City. It made Puyi’s life internationally familiar through a dramatized biography.
Empress Dowager Cixi: A Qing ruler who exercised power as regent and empress dowager from 1861 to 1908. She arranged Puyi’s accession shortly before her death.
Forbidden City: The former imperial palace complex in Beijing, used by China’s emperors from 1420 to 1912. Puyi continued living there after abdication until his expulsion in 1924.
Japanese invasion of Manchuria: Japan’s 1931 military seizure of Manchuria, followed by the creation of Manchukuo. The invasion created the political setting for Puyi’s return to power.
Wanrong: Puyi’s empress, married to him in 1922 and later held in Manchukuo. Her life reveals the personal costs of Puyi’s changing political fortunes.
Bernardo Bertolucci: An Italian film director whose films include The Last Emperor. His film shaped popular interpretations of Puyi’s life.

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