Republicanism

Republicanism is a political tradition that favors government without monarchy, grounding legitimate authority in the people and orienting public power toward the common good.

Popular sovereignty: The principle that political authority ultimately derives from the people. It makes the people, rather than a hereditary ruler, the source of legitimate government.
Athenian democracy: The political system of classical Athens, in which male citizens directly participated in public decisions. Its direct civic participation became an enduring reference point for debates about republican citizenship.
Monarchy: A system of government in which a monarch serves as head of state, usually through hereditary succession. Republicanism rejects hereditary sovereignty as the basis of legitimate political authority.
United States Constitution: The supreme law of the United States, establishing its federal institutions and allocating their powers. Its republican framework combines popular authority, elected offices, and institutional checks.
Citizenship: The legal and political membership through which a person holds rights and responsibilities in a state. Republican traditions connect citizenship with participation and duties to the political community.
Common good: The shared conditions and interests that enable a political community to flourish. Republican arguments judge public power by whether it serves shared civic interests.
Roman Republic: The Roman state from the overthrow of its kings in 509 BCE to the establishment of imperial rule. Roman institutions and political language became central models for later republican thought.
Liberalism: A political tradition emphasizing individual rights, consent, and limits on government power. Republicans and liberals differ over whether freedom chiefly requires non-domination or protection from interference.
French Revolution: The political upheaval beginning in 1789 that ended the French monarchy and transformed European politics. Revolutionaries invoked popular sovereignty to replace royal authority with republican institutions.
Mixed government: A system combining different forms or sources of authority to prevent any one from dominating. Classical republican arguments used mixed institutions to restrain concentrated political power.

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