South Sudan

South Sudan is a landlocked country in northeastern Africa, independent since 2011. The White Nile flows through it, and its capital is Juba.

Second Sudanese Civil War: A civil war fought in Sudan from 1983 to 2005 between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement. The conflict ended with the agreement that set South Sudan on a path to independence.
White Nile: The Nile's western headstream, which flows north through South Sudan before joining the Blue Nile in Sudan. It crosses the country and connects its wetlands and settlements to the Nile system.
South Sudanese Civil War: An armed conflict that began in South Sudan in December 2013 between forces aligned with President Salva Kiir and former vice president Riek Machar. The war followed independence and fractured the new country's political and military institutions.
East African Community: A regional organization promoting economic, political, and social integration among East African states. South Sudan joined in 2016, linking its economy and diplomacy to regional integration.
Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan: A 2018 peace agreement among South Sudanese parties intended to end the civil war and establish a transitional government. Its provisions frame the continuing challenge of turning a ceasefire into durable political settlement.
Comprehensive Peace Agreement: A 2005 agreement between Sudan's government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. It provided for a referendum on whether southern Sudan would become independent.
Sudd: A vast tropical wetland in South Sudan formed where the White Nile spreads across a flat basin. Its seasonal flooding, vegetation, and scale strongly affect navigation and water flow.
Salva Kiir Mayardit: A South Sudanese politician who became the country's president at independence in 2011. His leadership and rivalry with Riek Machar shaped the crisis that became civil war.
Intergovernmental Authority on Development: A regional organization of countries in the Horn of Africa that addresses development, drought, and conflict. It has mediated South Sudanese peace efforts and coordinates regional responses to crises.
Federalism in South Sudan: A political debate over distributing authority between South Sudan's national government and its states or regions. Disputes over power-sharing and territorial governance remain central to postwar politics.

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