Spanish nationalism

Spanish nationalism promotes a shared Spanish national identity, the unity of Spain, and its political sovereignty. Its forms differ over the meaning of Spanishness and the organization of the state.

War of the Spanish Succession: A European conflict from 1701 to 1714 that established the Bourbon dynasty on Spain’s throne. The Bourbon victory strengthened central rule and reshaped relations between the crown and Spain’s historic territories.
Catalan nationalism: A political movement promoting Catalan identity and, in some currents, self-government or independence. It disputes the idea that Spanish national unity should take precedence over Catalan self-determination.
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo: A Spanish conservative politician who designed the Restoration system and served as prime minister. His constitutional monarchy sought to stabilize Spain through a shared state and controlled political competition.
Spanish Constitution of 1978: The constitution establishing Spain’s current parliamentary monarchy and democratic system. It declares Spain’s indissoluble unity while recognizing autonomy for its nationalities and regions.
Spanish Civil War: The conflict from 1936 to 1939 between the Spanish Republic and the military-led insurgents who overthrew it. Rival claims to Spain’s political and national future made the conflict a defining rupture.
Nueva Planta decrees: A set of early eighteenth-century royal decrees that abolished several institutions and laws in the Crown of Aragon. They became a lasting reference point in disputes over centralization and regional self-government.
Basque nationalism: A political movement centered on Basque identity, ranging from autonomy within Spain to independence. Its claims to a distinct nation challenge unitary accounts of Spanish identity and sovereignty.
José Ortega y Gasset: A Spanish philosopher and essayist known for writings on society, politics, and national identity. His account of Spain as a project brought together by common purpose shaped debates about national cohesion.
Autonomous communities of Spain: Spain’s seventeen territorial governments, established under the 1978 Constitution, with devolved powers. Their institutions balance the constitutional commitment to Spanish unity with regional self-government.
Francoist Spain: The authoritarian Spanish state ruled by Francisco Franco from 1939 to 1975. Its repression of regional identities shaped later demands for democracy and autonomy.

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