Avaris

Avaris was an ancient city in Egypt’s eastern Nile Delta and the capital of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period. Its archaeological remains lie beneath Tell el-Dab'a.

Tell el-Dab'a: An archaeological site in Egypt’s eastern Nile Delta, built over the remains of ancient Avaris. Excavations at Tell el-Dab'a have uncovered the city’s successive settlements.
Nile Delta: A broad, fertile region in northern Egypt where the Nile divides into branches before reaching the Mediterranean. Avaris occupied the delta’s eastern edge, near routes into the Levant.
Pelusiac branch: The easternmost major branch of the Nile in antiquity, flowing toward the Mediterranean near the Sinai route. Its waterways helped connect Avaris with river traffic and eastern trade.
Ahmose I's siege of Avaris: The campaign by which Ahmose I captured Avaris from the Hyksos. The siege marked the city’s transfer from Hyksos to Egyptian control.
Second Intermediate Period: A period of political division in Egypt between the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom. Avaris became a capital during this era of divided rule.
Second Intermediate Period chronology: The debated sequence and dates of Egypt’s divided rule between the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom. Its chronology frames when Avaris served as the Hyksos capital.
Hyksos trade networks: Commercial connections linking Hyksos-ruled Egypt with the Levant and other regions. Avaris’s position enabled exchange across Egypt’s northeastern frontier.
Expulsion of the Hyksos: The removal of Hyksos rule from Egypt during the early Eighteenth Dynasty. The loss of Avaris was central to the end of Hyksos power.
Hyksos: Rulers of foreign origin who controlled parts of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Their fifteenth dynasty made Avaris its seat of power.
Egyptian archaeology: The study of ancient Egypt through material remains, excavation, and scientific analysis. Avaris is known chiefly through stratified archaeological evidence.

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