Third Crusade

The Third Crusade was a campaign launched after Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187. It failed to retake the city but secured Christian access to it through a truce.

Siege of Acre: A siege from 1189 to 1191 in which Crusader forces captured the port city of Acre from Saladin’s forces. The prolonged siege became the campaign’s decisive early military success.
Richard I of England: King of England from 1189 to 1199, known for leading the Third Crusade and fighting Saladin. Richard commanded the campaign’s largest western force and negotiated its final truce.
Siege of Jerusalem (1187): Saladin’s 1187 siege that forced the surrender of Jerusalem after nearly a century of Crusader rule. Its outcome supplied the campaign’s immediate objective.
Kingdom of Cyprus: A medieval kingdom established on Cyprus after Richard I conquered the island during the Third Crusade. Richard’s conquest created a new Crusader power base in the eastern Mediterranean.
Battle of Arsuf: A 1191 battle in which Richard I’s army defeated Saladin’s forces near Arsuf on the coast of Palestine. Richard’s victory protected the Crusader march south from Acre.
Saladin: The Muslim ruler who founded the Ayyubid dynasty and united Egypt and Syria before capturing Jerusalem in 1187. Saladin defended his conquests and negotiated with Richard during the crusade.
Battle of Hattin: Saladin’s decisive 1187 victory over the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which opened the way to his capture of Jerusalem. The defeat made Jerusalem’s loss possible and exposed the kingdom’s weakness.
Crusader states: Christian polities established in the eastern Mediterranean during and after the medieval Crusades. The truce left these states dependent on coastal strongholds and continued negotiation.
Siege of Jaffa: A 1192 siege and counter-siege in which Richard I’s forces retained the port of Jaffa against Saladin’s army. The fighting at Jaffa helped bring the campaign to its final negotiations.
Philip II of France: King of France from 1180 to 1223 who joined the Third Crusade and helped capture Acre. Philip’s departure from the Holy Land in 1191 altered the crusade’s leadership.

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