Treaty of Aigun

The 1858 agreement between Qing China and the Russian Empire that transferred the northern bank of the Amur River to Russia and established a new frontier.

Treaty of Nerchinsk: The 1689 agreement that established a boundary between Qing China and Russia in the Amur region. Its boundary framework was overtaken as Russia renewed expansion toward the Amur.
Amur River: A major river in East Asia that forms part of the present-day border between Russia and China. The treaty assigned Russia the river’s northern bank and made the Amur a central frontier.
Heilongjiang Province: A province in northeastern China whose name derives from the Chinese name for the Amur River. The treaty’s territorial loss helped define the northern edge of the region later organized as this province.
China–Russia relations: The diplomatic, economic, and strategic relationship between China and Russia across their shared history. Aigun remains a reference point in the history of territorial disputes between the two states.
Russian colonization of Siberia: The centuries-long expansion of Russian settlement and rule across northern Asia. Its eastward advance brought Russian forces to the Amur frontier.
Ussuri River: A river in Northeast Asia that joins the Amur and forms part of the Russia–China border. The treaty left territory east of the Ussuri unsettled rather than assigning it outright.
Primorsky Krai: A Russian administrative region on the Pacific coast, including the port city of Vladivostok. The 1860 settlement following Aigun brought the territory of present-day Primorsky Krai under Russian control.
Treaty of Kyakhta: The 1727 agreement that regulated trade and established parts of the Qing–Russian frontier near Mongolia. Kyakhta regulated trade and borders, whereas Aigun transferred extensive territory along the Amur.
Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky: The Russian governor-general of Eastern Siberia who promoted expansion along the Amur. He pressed for the treaty and used Russian military presence to secure it.
Convention of Peking: The 1860 agreement that ended the Second Opium War and confirmed Russian territorial gains in the region. It confirmed the 1858 settlement and assigned Russia lands east of the Ussuri.

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