Linked from

The 12 pages that link to Umkhonto we Sizwe, each with the reason it gives.

• Nelson MandelaRelated: Mandela helped establish it after concluding that peaceful protest alone had failed.

• African National CongressBroader topic: Its sabotage campaign extended the ANC’s resistance beyond nonviolent protest.

• Anti-apartheid movementBroader topic: Its sabotage campaign followed the state’s suppression of legal protest.

• Sharpeville massacreRelated: The turn toward armed resistance followed the repression that intensified after Sharpeville.

• Oliver TamboRelated: Tambo helped oversee the ANC’s armed struggle alongside its political and diplomatic campaigns.

• Rivonia TrialRelated: The state accused the defendants of directing its sabotage campaign.

• Albert LuthuliCompared with: Its creation exposed a strategic divide between Luthuli’s nonviolent advocacy and the turn to armed resistance.

• South African Communist PartyRelated: SACP members helped shape its strategy and participated in its underground military structures.

• Chris HaniBroader topic: Hani served as its chief of staff, directing the organization’s military work.

• Joe SlovoRelated: Slovo helped found and lead the organization that became the ANC’s military arm.

• Internal resistance to apartheidBroader topic: Its formation marked the ANC’s turn from exclusively nonviolent methods to armed resistance.

• Kgalema MotlantheRelated: Motlanthe’s underground ANC work took place within the movement that formed this organization.