Linked from

The 105 pages that link to X-ray crystallography, each with the reason it gives.

• Xenon hexafluoroplatinateRelated: Structural analysis exposed the limits of treating the product as a simple salt with one fixed composition.

• Crystal twinningRelated: Diffraction patterns can reveal or be complicated by multiple twin orientations.

• Crystallographic point groupRelated: Observed diffraction symmetry helps identify a crystal's point group.

• Dorothy HodgkinNarrower topic: It was Hodgkin’s central tool for resolving molecular structures.

• Electron densityRelated: X-ray scattering is sensitive to electron distribution and can refine experimental density maps.

• Scattering theoryRelated: It turns elastic scattering patterns into atomic-scale structures.

• BiophysicsRelated: It has revealed structures that allow physical analysis of biological molecules.

• Maurice WilkinsNarrower topic: Wilkins’s experiments applied diffraction methods to DNA fibers rather than conventional crystals.

• Mineral speciesRelated: Diffraction patterns reveal structures used to distinguish species.

• Powder diffractionNarrower topic: Powder diffraction is one approach within this broader structural method.

• AlphaFoldCompared with: It measures structural evidence experimentally rather than predicting a structure from sequence.

• Covalent radiusRelated: It provides precise internuclear distances used to estimate covalent radii.

• Wendell Meredith StanleyRelated: Virus crystals later enabled structural investigations using this technique.

• Photo 51Narrower topic: Photo 51 is a fiber-diffraction image, a crystallographic method for inferring molecular structure.

• René Just HaüyRelated: It later revealed crystal structures directly, replacing Haüy’s geometric hypotheses with measurements.

• Wilhelm RöntgenRelated: The radiation Röntgen discovered later became a tool for revealing structures too small to see directly.

• John KendrewNarrower topic: This was the experimental foundation of Kendrew’s determination of myoglobin’s structure.

• Manne SiegbahnRelated: Precise X-ray wavelength measurements support the analysis of diffraction patterns.

• Max von LaueBroader topic: Laue’s discovery made this structural technique possible.

• Solid-state chemistryRelated: It transformed the study of solid structures from inference into direct structural analysis.

• Aaron KlugRelated: Klug’s training in this method informed his later adaptation of crystallographic reasoning to electron microscopy.

• Ada YonathNarrower topic: Yonath used diffraction patterns from ribosome crystals to infer their molecular architecture.

• EDSACRelated: Researchers used EDSAC to process calculations arising from crystallographic investigations.

• Fresnel numberRelated: Diffraction geometry and wavelength also determine whether a detector measurement is in the near or far field.

• Kurt WüthrichCompared with: It is the principal alternative structural method, relying on crystals rather than solution NMR signals.

• Triclinic crystal systemRelated: Measured diffraction can reveal the low-symmetry triclinic unit cell.

• George Paget ThomsonCompared with: It uses the same wave-diffraction logic but probes matter with X-rays rather than electrons.

• Hans FischerCompared with: This structural method differs from the chemical degradation and synthesis used in Fischer’s era.

• Miller indexRelated: Diffraction reflections are assigned indices corresponding to families of crystal planes.

• Thomas A. SteitzRelated: Steitz used crystallography to resolve ribosome structures at atomic detail.

• ÅngströmRelated: Crystal structures often describe interatomic distances in ångströms.

• Brian KobilkaRelated: Kobilka used crystallography to resolve GPCR structures.

• Clifford ShullCompared with: It provided a structural tool that neutron diffraction complemented, especially for magnetic properties and light atoms.

• Crystal engineeringRelated: It reveals whether a designed crystal adopted the intended molecular arrangement.

• Hexagonal crystal familyRelated: Diffraction patterns can reveal the lattice symmetry used to assign a crystal family.

• John E. WalkerRelated: Walker’s team used crystallography to resolve ATP synthase’s catalytic architecture.

• Lawrence BraggNarrower topic: Bragg’s work established the method’s foundation and demonstrated its power for revealing atomic arrangements.

• Allan MacLeod CormackCompared with: It also infers hidden structure from X-rays, but uses diffraction rather than transmission projections.

• Caesium iodideNarrower topic: Diffraction measurements distinguish CsI’s coordination and lattice arrangement from related salts.

• Constance TipperRelated: Structural methods such as crystallography helped establish modern accounts of metals and their defects.

• Herbert A. HauptmanNarrower topic: Its diffraction measurements supply the data that Hauptman’s methods interpret.

• History of biochemistryRelated: Structural determination revealed how biological molecules are shaped at atomic scales.

• Jerome KarleNarrower topic: Karle developed mathematical methods for extracting structures from its diffraction data.

• Kathleen LonsdaleNarrower topic: Lonsdale used diffraction measurements to establish molecular and crystal structures.

• Michael LevittRelated: Experimental crystal structures provided key data for Levitt’s modeling and structure comparisons.

• Scherrer equationNarrower topic: The Scherrer relation arose within the development of X-ray methods for studying crystals.

• William LipscombRelated: Diffraction measurements supplied structural evidence for boranes studied by Lipscomb.

• X unitRelated: Its diffraction measurements made crystal-based wavelength standards practical.

• Atomic and molecular structureRelated: Diffraction patterns provide precise structural information for ordered solids and molecules.

• Charles BarklaRelated: It grew into a major structural method alongside the atomic spectroscopy Barkla advanced.