Linked from

The 42 pages that link to Affirmative action, each with the reason it gives.

• Civil Rights MovementRelated: Civil-rights victories shaped later efforts to confront unequal access.

• Social exclusionRelated: Targeted measures can address barriers that keep groups out of institutions.

• MulticulturalismRelated: Some debates connect recognition of historically marginalized groups to targeted remedies.

• Minority rightsBroader topic: It is one contested way to address unequal access to education, employment, or public office.

• Black nationalismRelated: Nationalist organizing helped press institutions to address racial exclusion and unequal access.

• RaceRelated: Its use of racial categories raises debates about remedy, fairness, and classification.

• DiscriminationCompared with: These policies respond to discrimination, while their design and legality remain contested.

• Social justiceBroader topic: It is a targeted institutional response to unequal access and opportunity.

• Employment discriminationCompared with: It concerns remedial or inclusion-oriented policies, not simply the prohibition of discriminatory treatment.

• Liberal feminismCompared with: It raises a tension between equal treatment as identical rules and remedies addressing unequal starting conditions.

• Occupational segregationRelated: Such policies can target barriers that keep occupations segregated.

• Gender inequalityRelated: Its design and effects are debated as ways to address persistent underrepresentation.

• Equality of opportunityRelated: It is a contested tool for widening access when formally neutral competition preserves inherited disadvantage.

• JusticeRelated: It tests how correcting unequal opportunity relates to equal treatment.

• Distributive JusticeRelated: It raises distributive questions about correcting unequal opportunity and allocating scarce positions.

• ReparationsCompared with: It may address inequality without being framed as a remedy for a specific wrongful act.

• SexismCompared with: It is a remedial response to unequal opportunity, not a form of sexism itself.

• Disparate impactCompared with: Disparate impact concerns harmful effects of neutral rules, while affirmative action involves deliberate remedial measures.

• ColorismRelated: Race-conscious remedies may not reach complexion disparities within the groups they serve.

• Institutional racismCompared with: It is a contested policy response to exclusion and unequal institutional opportunity.

• Cultural pluralismRelated: Pluralist commitments can motivate measures that improve participation by marginalized groups.

• Chicano MovementRelated: Activists sought fair access to education and employment amid persistent institutional exclusion.

• Civil rightsCompared with: Its use to remedy exclusion raises disputes about how equality protections should be applied.

• Gender discriminationCompared with: It is sometimes used to remedy gender discrimination and debated as a distinct form of differential treatment.

• Reservation in IndiaNarrower topic: India's reservation system is a distinctive constitutional form of affirmative action.

• Equal protectionRelated: These policies raise questions about whether remedial classifications satisfy equal-protection scrutiny.

• Glass ceilingRelated: It became one policy response to unequal access to advancement.

• EgalitarianismRelated: It raises the question whether equal opportunity requires actively correcting entrenched barriers.

• Equality of outcomeRelated: It seeks to change group representation and access to valued positions.

• Institutional discriminationCompared with: These policies address institutional disparities through targeted corrective measures.

• Anti-racismBroader topic: These policies are a contested institutional tool for addressing racial exclusion.

• Reparations for slaveryCompared with: It is a continuing policy response to inequality, but not necessarily reparations for a specific historical wrong.

• Anti-discrimination lawCompared with: It raises the distinct question of when remedial preference is compatible with equal-treatment rules.

• EquityRelated: These policies use targeted measures to counter inequities shaped by past and present exclusion.

• Non-discriminationCompared with: Its preferential measures raise questions about how remedial distinctions fit non-discrimination rules.

• Social equalityRelated: It tests whether correcting inherited exclusion can advance social equality.

• Ethnic studiesRelated: Debates over representation in education connect the field’s analysis to institutional policy.

• Derrick BellRelated: Bell analyzed the uncertain durability of policies that can benefit Black Americans.

• Reverse discriminationRelated: It is the policy most often accused of producing reverse discrimination.

• Minority groupRelated: Such policies respond to barriers that have limited minority groups’ opportunities.

• Diversity and inclusionCompared with: It is a contested policy approach to changing representation and access.

• Thomas SowellRelated: Sowell has written extensively against preferences based on race in admissions and employment.