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The 69 pages that link to Antibiotic resistance, each with the reason it gives.

• Antimicrobial resistanceBroader topic: It is the best-known form of antimicrobial resistance and arises through specific bacterial defenses.

• Natural selectionBroader topic: Antibiotic use favors resistant variants, making their inherited resistance more common.

• Horizontal gene transferRelated: Resistance genes can spread rapidly between bacterial lineages through horizontal transfer.

• MutationBroader topic: Mutations can create resistance traits that spread under antibiotic selection.

• EvolutionBroader topic: Resistance evolves as treatment favors bacterial variants that can withstand a drug.

• Negative feedbackRelated: Negative feedback in clinical decision-making can unintentionally select resistant organisms when treatment is reduced or stopped too soon.

• Gram-negative bacteriaRelated: Outer-membrane permeability, efflux, and drug-inactivating enzymes all contribute to resistance in these bacteria.

• Urinary tract infectionRelated: Resistance can make standard urinary infection treatments ineffective.

• Collective action problemRelated: Unnecessary antibiotic use yields private benefits while contributing to a shared resistance threat.

• PlasmidRelated: Plasmids can carry resistance genes and spread them among bacteria.

• Escherichia coliRelated: Resistant E. coli strains complicate treatment of infections and can spread resistance genes.

• VancomycinNarrower topic: The rise of resistant staphylococci shaped vancomycin’s early clinical importance.

• History of medicineRelated: The success of antibiotics created an evolutionary challenge that limits their continued use.

• ConjugationRelated: Conjugative plasmids can carry and disseminate resistance genes between bacteria.

• Alexander FlemingRelated: Fleming warned that careless penicillin use could select resistant bacteria.

• ProkaryoteRelated: Prokaryotic evolution and gene exchange help spread resistance to antibiotics.

• Industrial agricultureRelated: Routine antibiotic use in some livestock systems can select for resistant bacteria.

• Pseudomonas aeruginosaRelated: Intrinsic defenses and acquired resistance can make P. aeruginosa infections hard to treat.

• 30S ribosomal subunitRelated: Mutations in 16S ribosomal RNA or subunit proteins can reduce susceptibility to 30S-targeting drugs.

• Fish farmingRelated: Antibiotic use in fish production can contribute to resistance when poorly controlled.

• MetronidazoleNarrower topic: Resistance can reduce metronidazole effectiveness in some organisms and settings.

• BacteriumRelated: Bacterial resistance can arise through mutation or acquired genes.

• Community-acquired pneumoniaRelated: Resistance can make standard empiric treatments ineffective and complicate pathogen coverage.

• Fungal infectionCompared with: Antibacterial resistance is distinct from antifungal drug resistance.

• Helicobacter pyloriRelated: Resistance, especially to clarithromycin, influences which H. pylori regimen is likely to work.

• StreptomycinNarrower topic: Resistance has narrowed streptomycin's usefulness and complicates treatment.

• Topical antibioticsRelated: Repeated or inappropriate topical use can select resistant bacteria.

• LinezolidRelated: Linezolid was developed to address serious infections resistant to established antibiotic classes.

• AntimicrobialBroader topic: It is a major subset of antimicrobial resistance and can make bacterial infections harder to treat.

• Efflux pumpNarrower topic: Efflux is one mechanism bacteria use to resist antibiotics.

• Howard FloreyRelated: The success of penicillin also exposed the long-term problem of bacteria evolving resistance.

• Rheumatic feverCompared with: Rheumatic fever prevention relies on treating streptococcal infection, but resistance is not the main reason the disease persists.

• CarbapenemNarrower topic: Carbapenem resistance is one especially consequential form of this broader problem.

• ChloramphenicolRelated: Resistance has reduced the reliability of chloramphenicol against several pathogens.

• Extended-spectrum beta-lactamaseNarrower topic: ESBL production is one specific mechanism within the broader phenomenon of antibiotic resistance.

• Protein synthesis inhibitorRelated: Resistance can prevent ribosome-targeting drugs from binding or reaching effective concentrations.

• Drinking water qualityRelated: Water can carry resistant organisms and resistance genes, raising questions about exposure pathways and control.

• Penicillin allergyRelated: Substituting broader-spectrum antibiotics after an unverified allergy label can contribute to resistance pressures.

• Bacteriostatic agentRelated: Resistance changes susceptibility; bacteriostatic describes an agent's effect at tested conditions.

• Bactericidal antibioticRelated: Resistance can prevent a drug's usual killing action and alter treatment selection.

• Group A StreptococcusRelated: Penicillin resistance has not been documented in Streptococcus pyogenes, but resistance to other drugs occurs.

• Antibiotic eraRelated: Resistance evolves under the selection pressure created by antibiotic exposure.

• Antiviral drug resistanceNarrower topic: It shares evolutionary principles with antiviral resistance but concerns different pathogens and treatments.

• Aquaculture feedRelated: Medicated feed use can contribute to resistance when antibiotics are used improperly or excessively.

• ShigellaRelated: Drug-resistant Shigella strains complicate treatment and public-health control.

• Evolutionary theoryBroader topic: Resistance evolves as treatment favors heritable variants that withstand antibiotics.

• Selman WaksmanRelated: Resistance emerged as a major limitation of antibiotics, including streptomycin.

• Prokaryotic cellRelated: Prokaryotic populations can evolve resistance through mutation and gene transfer.

• CefiximeNarrower topic: Resistance among pathogens determines when cefixime is ineffective or should be avoided.

• Clavulanic acidNarrower topic: Clavulanic acid was developed to counter one enzyme-based form of antibiotic resistance.