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The 69 pages that link to Antibiotic resistance, each with the reason it gives.

• Horizontal gene transferRelated: Resistance genes can spread rapidly between bacterial lineages through horizontal transfer.

• Negative feedbackRelated: Negative feedback in clinical decision-making can unintentionally select resistant organisms when treatment is reduced or stopped too soon.

• Gram-negative bacteriaRelated: Outer-membrane permeability, efflux, and drug-inactivating enzymes all contribute to resistance in these bacteria.

• Urinary tract infectionRelated: Resistance can make standard urinary infection treatments ineffective.

• Collective action problemRelated: Unnecessary antibiotic use yields private benefits while contributing to a shared resistance threat.

• PlasmidRelated: Plasmids can carry resistance genes and spread them among bacteria.

• Escherichia coliRelated: Resistant E. coli strains complicate treatment of infections and can spread resistance genes.

• History of medicineRelated: The success of antibiotics created an evolutionary challenge that limits their continued use.

• ConjugationRelated: Conjugative plasmids can carry and disseminate resistance genes between bacteria.

• Alexander FlemingRelated: Fleming warned that careless penicillin use could select resistant bacteria.

• ProkaryoteRelated: Prokaryotic evolution and gene exchange help spread resistance to antibiotics.

• Industrial agricultureRelated: Routine antibiotic use in some livestock systems can select for resistant bacteria.

• Pseudomonas aeruginosaRelated: Intrinsic defenses and acquired resistance can make P. aeruginosa infections hard to treat.

• 30S ribosomal subunitRelated: Mutations in 16S ribosomal RNA or subunit proteins can reduce susceptibility to 30S-targeting drugs.

• Fish farmingRelated: Antibiotic use in fish production can contribute to resistance when poorly controlled.

• BacteriumRelated: Bacterial resistance can arise through mutation or acquired genes.

• Community-acquired pneumoniaRelated: Resistance can make standard empiric treatments ineffective and complicate pathogen coverage.

• Helicobacter pyloriRelated: Resistance, especially to clarithromycin, influences which H. pylori regimen is likely to work.

• Topical antibioticsRelated: Repeated or inappropriate topical use can select resistant bacteria.

• LinezolidRelated: Linezolid was developed to address serious infections resistant to established antibiotic classes.

• Howard FloreyRelated: The success of penicillin also exposed the long-term problem of bacteria evolving resistance.

• ChloramphenicolRelated: Resistance has reduced the reliability of chloramphenicol against several pathogens.

• Protein synthesis inhibitorRelated: Resistance can prevent ribosome-targeting drugs from binding or reaching effective concentrations.

• Drinking water qualityRelated: Water can carry resistant organisms and resistance genes, raising questions about exposure pathways and control.

• Penicillin allergyRelated: Substituting broader-spectrum antibiotics after an unverified allergy label can contribute to resistance pressures.

• Bacteriostatic agentRelated: Resistance changes susceptibility; bacteriostatic describes an agent's effect at tested conditions.

• Bactericidal antibioticRelated: Resistance can prevent a drug's usual killing action and alter treatment selection.

• Group A StreptococcusRelated: Penicillin resistance has not been documented in Streptococcus pyogenes, but resistance to other drugs occurs.

• Antibiotic eraRelated: Resistance evolves under the selection pressure created by antibiotic exposure.

• Aquaculture feedRelated: Medicated feed use can contribute to resistance when antibiotics are used improperly or excessively.

• ShigellaRelated: Drug-resistant Shigella strains complicate treatment and public-health control.

• Selman WaksmanRelated: Resistance emerged as a major limitation of antibiotics, including streptomycin.

• Prokaryotic cellRelated: Prokaryotic populations can evolve resistance through mutation and gene transfer.

• Thomas A. SteitzRelated: Ribosomal structures help explain how mutations and chemical changes can weaken antibiotic binding.

• BacteroidesRelated: Some Bacteroides carry resistance determinants that complicate treatment of anaerobic infections.

• Ernst ChainRelated: The success of penicillin also made resistance a lasting challenge for antibiotic treatment.

• TobramycinRelated: Resistance can make an otherwise appropriate tobramycin regimen ineffective.

• Bloodstream infectionRelated: Resistance can make bloodstream infections harder to treat and constrain effective drug choices.

• Esther LederbergRelated: Replica plating can reveal pre-existing resistant colonies by transferring them to antibiotic-containing media.

• Fire blightRelated: Repeated antibiotic use against fire blight can select resistant bacterial populations.

• Medical doctorRelated: Prescribing choices by physicians influence the spread of resistance.

• MicroevolutionRelated: Resistance alleles can rise rapidly under strong selection from antibiotic use.

• NitazoxanideRelated: Clinical effectiveness can vary with pathogen susceptibility and the limited treatment options for some infections.

• Ethics of eating meatRelated: Routine antibiotic use in animal agriculture can contribute to a public-health risk.

• Félix d'HérelleRelated: Renewed interest in D'Hérelle's therapy reflects the challenge of drug-resistant bacterial infections.

• Regulation of gene expressionRelated: Regulated expression of resistance genes can determine whether microbes withstand treatment.

• Throat lozengeRelated: Symptom-relieving lozenges do not substitute for antibiotics when a bacterial infection requires treatment.