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The 162 pages that link to Cosmic microwave background, each with the reason it gives.

• Dark matterRelated: Its temperature patterns constrain the amount of dark matter in the early universe.

• Dark energyRelated: Its observed patterns constrain cosmic contents, including dark energy.

• Galaxy clusterRelated: Its distortions and measured properties help constrain the abundance and growth of clusters.

• Big Bang nucleosynthesisRelated: Its measured baryon density lets abundance predictions be tested independently.

• Gravitational lensingRelated: Its lensing distortions encode the distribution of matter across cosmic history.

• Cosmic inflationRelated: Its temperature patterns preserve evidence of primordial fluctuations stretched during inflation.

• Cosmological constantRelated: Its measured patterns constrain the universe’s matter content and cosmological constant.

• Cosmological principleRelated: Its near-uniform temperature is a central observational sign of large-scale isotropy.

• Hubble constantRelated: Its measured patterns constrain early-universe models that predict the present expansion rate.

• Lambda-CDM modelRelated: Its temperature and polarization patterns tightly constrain the model’s parameters.

• Bell LabsRelated: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected it while investigating radio noise with a Bell Labs antenna.

• Cosmic webRelated: Its measured fluctuations provide initial conditions for structure formation.

• Interstellar dustRelated: Galactic dust emits polarized foreground radiation that complicates measurements of this background.

• Hubble tensionRelated: Its measured pattern anchors early-universe estimates of the expansion rate.

• Friedmann equationsRelated: Its measured properties constrain the cosmic parameters in the expansion equations.

• Radio telescopeRelated: Radio and microwave instruments map its temperature variations across the sky.

• Jeans instabilityRelated: Its measured fluctuation spectrum constrains the initial seeds for later gravitational growth.

• Neutrino massRelated: Its measured structure helps constrain the cosmological effects of the summed neutrino masses.

• Spherical harmonicsRelated: Its temperature fluctuations are summarized by angular power across spherical-harmonic degrees.

• Cosmic varianceRelated: Its measured temperature pattern is one finite-sky realization of primordial fluctuations.

• Hubble's lawRelated: Its patterns allow early-universe models to infer the present expansion rate.

• Large-scale structure of the universeRelated: Its temperature variations reveal the seeds from which structure grew.

• BaryogenesisRelated: Its measured composition constrains the cosmic baryon abundance left by baryogenesis.

• Fred HoyleRelated: Its discovery strongly favored Big Bang cosmology over Hoyle’s steady-state model.

• Steady-state theoryRelated: Its measured spectrum and origin strongly favored a hot early universe over classical steady state.

• Hierarchical structure formationRelated: Its temperature fluctuations constrain the initial seeds of later structure.

• CosmogonyRelated: Its measured properties provide evidence about the universe's early conditions.

• Modified Newtonian dynamicsRelated: Matching its measured structure requires a cosmological extension of MOND.

• Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metricRelated: Its expansion-era evolution and observed patterns are modeled within FLRW cosmology.

• Rayleigh–Jeans lawRelated: Its low-frequency spectrum approaches the Rayleigh–Jeans form.

• Baryon asymmetryRelated: Its measured temperature fluctuations constrain the universe’s baryon density.

• Intergalactic mediumRelated: Its photons pass through the medium and can be altered by hot plasma.

• Recombination (cosmology)Related: Its photons last scattered when recombination made the universe transparent.

• Thomson scatteringRelated: Scattering by free electrons shapes its anisotropies and polarization.

• Cold dark matterRelated: Its temperature and polarization patterns constrain the cosmic abundance of cold dark matter.

• Inverse Compton scatteringRelated: Relativistic electrons boost these pervasive low-energy photons into observable X-rays or gamma rays.

• Matter–antimatter asymmetryRelated: Its measured composition provides an independent estimate of the universe’s baryon density.

• Neutrino mass orderingRelated: Its measured anisotropies help constrain the total neutrino mass alongside ordering-sensitive laboratory data.

• Primordial black holeRelated: Accretion onto primordial black holes could alter this background and constrain their abundance.

• Cosmic star-formation historyRelated: Its measurements constrain the early conditions and age scale used to place the history in time.

• Planck scaleRelated: Its measured primordial patterns constrain early-universe models that sometimes invoke Planck-scale effects.

• Primordial gravitational wavesRelated: Its polarization preserves evidence that primordial gravitational waves may have left behind.

• Age of the universeRelated: Its measured patterns constrain the parameters used to calculate the age.

• Baryonic matterRelated: Its measured acoustic patterns constrain the cosmic abundance of baryons.

• Correlation functionRelated: Its temperature and polarization correlations constrain the universe's primordial fluctuations.

• Hubble parameterRelated: Its acoustic pattern allows cosmological models to infer the early expansion rate and H₀.

• Quantum fluctuationRelated: Primordial fluctuations left patterns in this radiation that reveal early-universe structure.

• Accelerating expansion of the universeRelated: Its measured pattern helps constrain cosmic composition alongside supernova evidence.

• Bullet ClusterRelated: Its measured structure independently supports a universe containing nonbaryonic dark matter.

• Cosmological horizonRelated: Its last-scattering surface approximates the farthest electromagnetic region currently observable.