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The 162 pages that link to Cosmic microwave background, each with the reason it gives.

• Radio astronomyBroader topic: Its radio and microwave measurements test models of the universe's origin and evolution.

• Dark matterRelated: Its temperature patterns constrain the amount of dark matter in the early universe.

• RedshiftBroader topic: Cosmic expansion redshifted this radiation from visible and infrared wavelengths into microwaves.

• Dark energyRelated: Its observed patterns constrain cosmic contents, including dark energy.

• Galaxy clusterRelated: Its distortions and measured properties help constrain the abundance and growth of clusters.

• Baryon acoustic oscillationsNarrower topic: Its temperature pattern records the same primordial acoustic physics before it evolved into galaxy clustering.

• Big Bang nucleosynthesisRelated: Its measured baryon density lets abundance predictions be tested independently.

• Gravitational waveCompared with: It is a radiation background measured in light, distinct from a stochastic gravitational-wave background.

• Black-body radiationBroader topic: Its near-ideal spectrum is a precision cosmic example of black-body radiation.

• Gravitational lensingRelated: Its lensing distortions encode the distribution of matter across cosmic history.

• Cosmic inflationRelated: Its temperature patterns preserve evidence of primordial fluctuations stretched during inflation.

• Cosmological constantRelated: Its measured patterns constrain the universe’s matter content and cosmological constant.

• Cosmological principleRelated: Its near-uniform temperature is a central observational sign of large-scale isotropy.

• Hubble constantRelated: Its measured patterns constrain early-universe models that predict the present expansion rate.

• Big BangBroader topic: Its spectrum and small temperature variations preserve evidence from about 380,000 years after the beginning of expansion.

• Planck's lawBroader topic: Its near-perfect spectrum is a prominent measured instance of Planck radiation.

• Lambda-CDM modelRelated: Its temperature and polarization patterns tightly constrain the model’s parameters.

• Bell LabsRelated: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected it while investigating radio noise with a Bell Labs antenna.

• Cosmic webRelated: Its measured fluctuations provide initial conditions for structure formation.

• Cosmological redshiftBroader topic: Its enormous cosmological redshift records expansion since the universe became transparent.

• Interstellar dustRelated: Galactic dust emits polarized foreground radiation that complicates measurements of this background.

• CosmologyBroader topic: Its tiny temperature variations preserve a map of early cosmic structure.

• Hubble tensionRelated: Its measured pattern anchors early-universe estimates of the expansion rate.

• Friedmann equationsRelated: Its measured properties constrain the cosmic parameters in the expansion equations.

• Radio telescopeRelated: Radio and microwave instruments map its temperature variations across the sky.

• Jeans instabilityRelated: Its measured fluctuation spectrum constrains the initial seeds for later gravitational growth.

• Neutrino massRelated: Its measured structure helps constrain the cosmological effects of the summed neutrino masses.

• AstronomyBroader topic: Its tiny temperature variations preserve evidence about the universe’s early conditions.

• Observable universeBroader topic: It marks the earliest electromagnetic light that can be observed directly.

• Spherical harmonicsRelated: Its temperature fluctuations are summarized by angular power across spherical-harmonic degrees.

• Cosmic varianceRelated: Its measured temperature pattern is one finite-sky realization of primordial fluctuations.

• Hubble's lawRelated: Its patterns allow early-universe models to infer the present expansion rate.

• Large-scale structure of the universeRelated: Its temperature variations reveal the seeds from which structure grew.

• BaryogenesisRelated: Its measured composition constrains the cosmic baryon abundance left by baryogenesis.

• Fred HoyleRelated: Its discovery strongly favored Big Bang cosmology over Hoyle’s steady-state model.

• Thermodynamic temperatureBroader topic: Its spectrum provides a precise example of assigning thermodynamic temperature to radiation.

• AstrophysicsBroader topic: Its measured patterns constrain the universe's early conditions, composition, and expansion history.

• ReionizationNarrower topic: Its polarization records the integrated scattering of radiation by free electrons produced during reionization.

• Steady-state theoryRelated: Its measured spectrum and origin strongly favored a hot early universe over classical steady state.

• George GamowBroader topic: Gamow’s group predicted relic radiation from the hot early universe, although its discovery came later.

• Hierarchical structure formationRelated: Its temperature fluctuations constrain the initial seeds of later structure.

• CosmogonyRelated: Its measured properties provide evidence about the universe's early conditions.

• KelvinBroader topic: Its present temperature is measured in kelvins and constrains cosmological history.

• Modified Newtonian dynamicsRelated: Matching its measured structure requires a cosmological extension of MOND.

• Radio frequency interferenceCompared with: It is a genuine cosmic signal, not contamination, despite occupying similar frequencies.

• Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metricRelated: Its expansion-era evolution and observed patterns are modeled within FLRW cosmology.

• Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effectNarrower topic: It provides the photons whose spectrum and temperature the effect changes.

• Planck satelliteNarrower topic: Planck mapped this radiation to measure its tiny temperature and polarization variations.

• Rayleigh–Jeans lawRelated: Its low-frequency spectrum approaches the Rayleigh–Jeans form.

• Baryon asymmetryRelated: Its measured temperature fluctuations constrain the universe’s baryon density.