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The 162 pages that link to Cosmic microwave background, each with the reason it gives.

• Intergalactic mediumRelated: Its photons pass through the medium and can be altered by hot plasma.

• Recombination (cosmology)Related: Its photons last scattered when recombination made the universe transparent.

• Scale factorBroader topic: Its observed temperature and spectrum preserve evidence of the universe’s expansion since recombination.

• Thomson scatteringRelated: Scattering by free electrons shapes its anisotropies and polarization.

• Wien's displacement lawBroader topic: Its measured blackbody spectrum has a peak wavelength corresponding to its present temperature.

• Cold dark matterRelated: Its temperature and polarization patterns constrain the cosmic abundance of cold dark matter.

• Inverse Compton scatteringRelated: Relativistic electrons boost these pervasive low-energy photons into observable X-rays or gamma rays.

• Matter–antimatter asymmetryRelated: Its measured composition provides an independent estimate of the universe’s baryon density.

• Neutrino mass orderingRelated: Its measured anisotropies help constrain the total neutrino mass alongside ordering-sensitive laboratory data.

• Primordial black holeRelated: Accretion onto primordial black holes could alter this background and constrain their abundance.

• Vesto SlipherCompared with: It provides independent evidence for cosmic history, unlike Slipher’s optical galaxy spectra.

• Cosmic star-formation historyRelated: Its measurements constrain the early conditions and age scale used to place the history in time.

• Planck scaleRelated: Its measured primordial patterns constrain early-universe models that sometimes invoke Planck-scale effects.

• Planck unitsCompared with: Its measured conditions are far below Planck scales, limiting direct access to that regime.

• Primordial gravitational wavesRelated: Its polarization preserves evidence that primordial gravitational waves may have left behind.

• Age of the universeRelated: Its measured patterns constrain the parameters used to calculate the age.

• Baryonic matterRelated: Its measured acoustic patterns constrain the cosmic abundance of baryons.

• Correlation functionRelated: Its temperature and polarization correlations constrain the universe's primordial fluctuations.

• Cosmic infrared backgroundCompared with: It is another diffuse cosmic background, but originates from the early universe rather than galaxies.

• Great AttractorNarrower topic: Its near-uniformity provides the reference frame for measuring our motion toward nearby mass concentrations.

• Hubble parameterRelated: Its acoustic pattern allows cosmological models to infer the early expansion rate and H₀.

• Quantum fluctuationRelated: Primordial fluctuations left patterns in this radiation that reveal early-universe structure.

• Accelerating expansion of the universeRelated: Its measured pattern helps constrain cosmic composition alongside supernova evidence.

• Bullet ClusterRelated: Its measured structure independently supports a universe containing nonbaryonic dark matter.

• Cosmic microwave background anisotropyNarrower topic: Anisotropy is the small-scale departure from this radiation’s near-uniform sky brightness.

• Cosmological horizonRelated: Its last-scattering surface approximates the farthest electromagnetic region currently observable.

• Primordial nucleosynthesisRelated: Its measured temperature fluctuations constrain the baryon density used in abundance predictions.

• Shapley SuperclusterRelated: Its observed dipole and distortions help constrain motions and mass along directions including Shapley.

• Astronomical observationBroader topic: Its measured temperature pattern constrains the universe’s age, composition, and history.

• Cosmic dustCompared with: Foreground emission from Galactic dust can obscure precise measurements of its primordial polarization.

• Galaxy filamentRelated: Its measurements constrain the initial conditions from which filaments grew.

• Mach's principleRelated: Its rest frame gives cosmology a measurable reference, raising questions about whether that frame explains local inertia.

• Particle horizonBroader topic: Its observable regions show how the horizon limits early causal contact.

• Planck epochNarrower topic: It provides evidence about later cosmic history, while the Planck epoch remains inaccessible to direct observation.

• Ralph AlpherRelated: Alpher and Herman predicted this radiation’s present temperature, decades before its detection.

• Scale invarianceRelated: Its temperature fluctuations are analyzed through scale-dependent patterns in the sky.

• United States Antarctic ProgramRelated: The South Pole’s dry, stable atmosphere enables observations of this faint radiation.

• Warm–hot intergalactic mediumRelated: Its photons provide a background against which hot electrons in the medium can be detected.

• Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy ProbeNarrower topic: This ancient radiation was the signal WMAP mapped across the sky.

• Big RipRelated: Its measured properties anchor estimates of the universe's contents and expansion history.

• Cosmological parametersRelated: Its temperature and polarization patterns encode several cosmological parameters.

• Geoffrey BurbidgeRelated: Its interpretation as evidence for a hot early universe became a key challenge to his cosmological position.

• Lookback timeBroader topic: Its photons have traveled for nearly the entire age of the universe.

• Modified gravityRelated: Its temperature and polarization patterns constrain gravity’s role in cosmic evolution.

• Brightness temperatureBroader topic: Its measured spectrum is closely described by a blackbody brightness temperature near 2.7 kelvin.

• Dark Energy SurveyRelated: DES results were compared with early-universe constraints from this radiation.

• High-Z Supernova Search TeamRelated: Its independent constraints provide a test of cosmological interpretations based on supernovae.

• Horizon problemRelated: Its nearly uniform temperature across distant regions is the puzzle’s central observation.

• National Radio Astronomy ObservatoryRelated: NRAO's Green Bank instruments have contributed to measurements of this radiation and its fluctuations.

• Robert HermanBroader topic: It is the radiation whose present temperature Herman and Alpher estimated.