Linked from

The 161 pages that link to Enlightenment philosophy, each with the reason it gives.

• Immanuel KantNarrower topic: Kant’s call to think autonomously became a concise expression of Enlightenment ideals.

• Leonhard EulerNarrower topic: Euler’s prolific scientific work flourished within the Enlightenment’s expanding academies and print culture.

• Scientific RevolutionNarrower topic: Enlightenment thinkers extended confidence in systematic inquiry to society, politics, and human affairs.

• Jean-Jacques RousseauNarrower topic: Rousseau participated in the movement while criticizing its confidence in progress and refinement.

• Benjamin FranklinNarrower topic: Franklin’s experiments and civic arguments made him a prominent American representative of Enlightenment ideals.

• Catherine the GreatNarrower topic: Catherine drew on Enlightenment ideas while adapting them to an autocratic state.

• University of GöttingenNarrower topic: The university's founding program reflected Enlightenment ideals of scholarship and intellectual independence.

• VoltaireNarrower topic: Voltaire became one of its most recognizable writers and public advocates.

• Mary WollstonecraftNarrower topic: Wollstonecraft used Enlightenment principles to challenge women’s subordination.

• CosmopolitanismNarrower topic: Modern cosmopolitan arguments developed amid Enlightenment debates about universal reason and humanity.

• Auguste ComteNarrower topic: Comte inherited its confidence in reason while rejecting some of its individualist politics.

• Jeremy BenthamNarrower topic: Bentham’s confidence in rationally redesigning laws and institutions belongs to this reforming tradition.

• ModernityNarrower topic: Its confidence in reason helped shape modern ideas of progress and social reform.

• Baruch SpinozaNarrower topic: Spinoza’s arguments for rational inquiry and scriptural criticism helped shape Enlightenment debates.

• AestheticsNarrower topic: Its debates about reason and sensibility formed the setting for modern aesthetics.

• Robert OwenNarrower topic: Owen’s confidence in social improvement and education reflects Enlightenment reform traditions.

• Whig historyNarrower topic: Its confidence in improvement helped shape histories that cast the past as progress toward modernity.

• Jean-Baptiste LamarckNarrower topic: Lamarck’s career unfolded amid its expanding culture of natural inquiry.

• Mikhail LomonosovNarrower topic: Lomonosov’s projects joined scientific inquiry with educational and cultural reform.

• Jewish emancipationNarrower topic: Its language of universal rights gave emancipation a powerful political rationale.

• Johann Gottfried HerderNarrower topic: Herder inherited Enlightenment questions while challenging its universal standards of reason and progress.

• SentimentalismNarrower topic: Sentimentalism developed within Enlightenment debates about reason, virtue, and human nature.

• Olympe de GougesNarrower topic: Its language of universal rights informed the arguments she turned against gender exclusion.

• Enlightened absolutismNarrower topic: Its ideas supplied arguments for legal, religious, and administrative reform.

• Utopian socialismNarrower topic: Its faith in rational reform shaped early socialist plans for reorganizing society.

• Classical periodNarrower topic: Its ideals of clarity and accessibility resonated with the period’s musical style.

• Jean-Paul MaratNarrower topic: Marat’s scientific interests and political writing emerged amid Enlightenment debates about knowledge and authority.

• Separate spheresNarrower topic: Its debates about nature and social order shaped arguments used to justify gendered roles.

• Social evolutionismNarrower topic: Its faith in progress supplied an intellectual backdrop for theories of social stages.

• Edward GibbonNarrower topic: Gibbon’s skeptical method and polished historical prose grew from Enlightenment scholarship.

• National literatureNarrower topic: Its scholarship and institutions helped establish systematic histories of languages and literature.

• Religious skepticismNarrower topic: Its methods and challenges to inherited authority shaped modern forms of religious criticism.

• The Magic FluteNarrower topic: Sarastro’s community presents ideals of reason and moral education associated with the period.

• Thomas Robert MalthusNarrower topic: Malthus's intervention challenged Enlightenment confidence that institutions could overcome material limits.

• Scientific naturalismNarrower topic: Its confidence in rational inquiry helped establish natural explanations as intellectual ideals.

• Sturm und DrangNarrower topic: Sturm und Drang challenged the movement’s confidence in rational rules and universal standards.

• Virginia Declaration of RightsNarrower topic: Its political vocabulary helped frame the declaration’s claims about liberty and government.

• SalonNarrower topic: Salons helped circulate Enlightenment ideas beyond universities and royal institutions.

• Chemical RevolutionNarrower topic: Its emphasis on measurement and public demonstration shaped the revolution’s methods.

• Jacques CharlesNarrower topic: Charles's experimental science and public demonstrations belong to this period's culture of inquiry.

• Johann Heinrich PestalozziNarrower topic: Its faith in education as a means of human improvement informed Pestalozzi’s reform program.

• Madame de PompadourNarrower topic: Her protection of writers and projects connected court patronage to Enlightenment debates.

• A Vindication of the Rights of WomanNarrower topic: Wollstonecraft applies its language of reason and universal rights to women.

• Anti-authoritarianismNarrower topic: Its critiques of absolute rule helped shape modern arguments for limiting political power.

• CandideNarrower topic: Candide uses Enlightenment-era debate while exposing the limits of abstract rational systems.

• Henri de Saint-SimonNarrower topic: His faith in reason and science extended Enlightenment ambitions into social organization.

• Historical-critical methodNarrower topic: Its confidence in historical inquiry helped create conditions for critical study of sacred texts.

• Jean le Rond d’AlembertNarrower topic: His scientific and editorial work belonged to this eighteenth-century movement.

• Political ideologyNarrower topic: Enlightenment debates supplied influential principles for later political programs.

• Prussian Academy of SciencesNarrower topic: The academy embodied Enlightenment efforts to organize knowledge and make scholarship socially useful.