Linked from

The 27 pages that link to Excommunication, each with the reason it gives.

• Investiture ControversyRelated: Gregory VII used this sanction against Henry IV during the conflict.

• Religious authorityRelated: Sanctions reveal how communities enforce boundaries and decisions made by authorities.

• Pope Gregory VIIRelated: Gregory excommunicated Henry IV and released his subjects from their oaths of allegiance.

• Pope Innocent IIIRelated: Innocent deployed it against rulers and opponents to intensify political pressure.

• Fourth Lateran CouncilRelated: Council canons used ecclesiastical penalties to enforce discipline and combat heresy.

• InvestitureRelated: Gregory VII's excommunication of Henry IV turned a contest over appointments into a crisis of rule.

• Henry IV, Holy Roman EmperorRelated: Gregory VII excommunicated Henry in 1076, weakening his standing among German princes.

• HeresyRelated: Some traditions use exclusion as a consequence of heresy.

• Religious lawRelated: It is one way religious institutions enforce rules through membership and communal standing.

• Pope Innocent IVRelated: Innocent used excommunication as a weapon in his conflict with Frederick II.

• Thomas BecketRelated: Becket used ecclesiastical sanctions against opponents of church privileges.

• Stockholm BloodbathRelated: Trolle’s earlier excommunication of his opponents underpinned the heresy charges.

• Robert II of FranceRelated: The Church used excommunication against Robert during the dispute over his second marriage.

• Menno SimonsRelated: Simons defended exclusion of persistently unrepentant members as a means of communal discipline.

• Pope Boniface VIIIRelated: Boniface threatened or imposed ecclesiastical penalties as leverage in political disputes.

• Sixth CrusadeRelated: Frederick began the expedition while under papal excommunication.

• EadwigRelated: Church sanctions against Eadwig’s marriage intensified his conflict with senior clergy.

• Peace and Truce of GodRelated: Excommunication threatened spiritual exclusion for persistent violators of church peace.

• Jacob FrankRelated: Jewish authorities used communal bans against Frank and his followers.

• Pope Adrian IVRelated: Adrian used it against Rome during the conflict surrounding Arnold of Brescia.

• Michael I CerulariusRelated: The 1054 bull targeted Cerularius and his supporters, while Constantinople’s synod later condemned the legates.