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The 86 pages that link to Horizontal gene transfer, each with the reason it gives.

• PhylogeneticsRelated: It can make a gene's history differ from the evolutionary history of its host species.

• Molecular phylogeneticsRelated: Transferred genes can produce histories that differ from the organismal tree.

• Antimicrobial resistanceRelated: Bacteria can acquire resistance genes from other bacteria through this process.

• AntibioticRelated: Bacteria can spread resistance genes across strains and species through gene transfer.

• Antibiotic resistanceRelated: Bacteria can acquire resistance genes from other cells this way.

• BiofilmRelated: Close cell contact in biofilms can facilitate exchange of genetic material.

• Molecular clockCompared with: It can make gene histories diverge from the species divergences a clock aims to date.

• Evolutionary biologyRelated: It complicates evolutionary histories, especially among microbes, by sharing genes across lineages.

• Genetic recombinationNarrower topic: It is a broader route of gene movement that can use recombination to integrate transferred DNA.

• Mitochondrial DNARelated: Gene transfer from ancestral mitochondria to the nucleus helped shrink the mitochondrial genome.

• LichenRelated: Researchers investigate whether gene exchange contributes to adaptation in lichen-associated communities.

• Phylogenetic treeRelated: Transferred genes can create histories that do not fit a single species tree.

• Gram-positive bacteriaRelated: Resistance genes can spread among Gram-positive species through mobile genetic elements.

• MicrobiomeRelated: It can spread traits, including antibiotic resistance, among community members.

• MetagenomicsRelated: Shared genes may reflect transfer among community members rather than close ancestry.

• PlasmidNarrower topic: Plasmid transfer is a major route of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.

• SymbiosisRelated: Gene exchange can shape the evolution of associated microbes and hosts.

• 16S ribosomal RNARelated: It can complicate the assumption that a marker gene always follows organismal ancestry.

• Beta-lactamaseRelated: Transfer of beta-lactamase genes can spread resistance beyond bacterial descendants.

• Penicillin-binding proteinsRelated: Transfer of resistance genes can spread altered penicillin-binding proteins among bacteria.

• Incomplete lineage sortingCompared with: It creates cross-lineage histories through transfer, not persistence of ancestral variants.

• IntrogressionCompared with: It moves DNA without the hybridization and backcrossing that define introgression.

• Species DelimitationRelated: It complicates lineage-based boundaries, particularly in microbes where genes cross distant lineages.

• BacteriophageNarrower topic: Transduction makes bacteriophages agents of gene transfer among bacteria.

• Common descentCompared with: It complicates a strictly branching account of ancestry, especially among microbes.

• ConjugationNarrower topic: Conjugation is one of its major mechanisms in bacteria.

• Comparative genomicsRelated: Transferred genes can make genome similarity misleading as evidence of shared ancestry.

• Crop wild relativesCompared with: Crop improvement from wild relatives generally uses sexual inheritance, not horizontal transfer.

• Microbial ecologyRelated: Gene exchange can rapidly spread traits among interacting microbes in an environment.

• Drug resistanceRelated: Bacteria can acquire resistance genes from other bacteria, including across species.

• PhylogenomicsRelated: Transferred genes can give a genome a history that conflicts with organismal descent.

• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusNarrower topic: The mobility of resistance elements connects MRSA evolution to gene exchange among bacteria.

• MicroorganismRelated: It helps explain how microbial traits can spread rapidly across lineages.

• ProkaryoteRelated: Prokaryotes can acquire genes from unrelated cells, rapidly changing their traits.

• Species complexRelated: It can make microbial genomes disagree with classifications based on vertical ancestry.

• Species problemRelated: It complicates lineage-based species boundaries, especially among microbes.

• Fungal taxonomyRelated: Transferred genes can complicate evolutionary signals used to place some fungi.

• Secondary endosymbiosisRelated: Transferred genes can blur the evolutionary signals used to infer endosymbiosis.

• Lynn MargulisRelated: Gene transfer from organelles to nuclei is one consequence of long-term endosymbiosis.

• Carl WoeseRelated: Gene exchange complicates the clean branching tree that Woese’s classification helped popularize.

• Molecular evolutionCompared with: Transferred sequences can disrupt the branching histories expected from vertical descent.

• Last universal common ancestorRelated: Gene exchange among early microbes can blur the branching history used to infer LUCA.

• SynapomorphyRelated: Transferred genes can create shared traits that do not track the organismal tree.

• Type III secretion systemRelated: Mobile DNA can spread secretion-system genes among bacterial lineages.

• CladeRelated: It can produce reticulate histories that a simple branching clade model cannot capture.

• TrimethoprimRelated: Bacteria can acquire resistance genes encoding trimethoprim-insensitive reductases through gene transfer.

• WolbachiaRelated: Wolbachia DNA has entered host genomes, raising questions about transfer and persistence.

• Antifungal resistanceRelated: Gene transfer can spread resistance determinants among fungi, though its role varies by species.

• AntimicrobialRelated: Microbes can spread genes that confer antimicrobial resistance across lineages.

• MutagenesisCompared with: It changes a genome by acquisition, not by generating a new mutation in place.