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The 21 pages that link to Lamb shift, each with the reason it gives.

• Quantum electrodynamicsBroader topic: Its measurement provided a landmark test of QED's treatment of electron self-interaction.

• Hydrogen atomBroader topic: Its measurement exposed corrections missing from the Dirac equation’s original hydrogen prediction.

• Fine structureCompared with: It is a distinct, smaller correction often compared with fine structure in hydrogen.

• Zero-point energyRelated: Quantum electromagnetic fluctuations, including vacuum contributions, help explain the shift.

• Fine-structure constantRelated: Its theoretical prediction depends on electromagnetic corrections governed by the constant.

• Julian SchwingerRelated: Schwinger calculated this radiative correction using renormalized quantum electrodynamics.

• Rydberg formulaCompared with: This correction shifts real spectral lines beyond the formula’s idealized level predictions.

• Atomic energy levelRelated: It showed that quantum electrodynamics subtly changes measured atomic level energies.

• Stark effectCompared with: It shifts levels through vacuum-field effects, not an applied static electric field.

• Spontaneous emissionRelated: The same field interactions underlying emission also produce measurable energy shifts.

• Anomalous magnetic dipole momentRelated: Like the anomaly, it became a clear signal of radiative corrections in quantum electrodynamics.

• Vacuum polarizationRelated: Its measurement provided a landmark test of quantum-electrodynamic radiative corrections.

• Quantum fluctuationBroader topic: Vacuum-field effects shift atomic energy levels in a measurable way.

• Hydrogen-like atomRelated: It reveals how interactions with the quantized electromagnetic field modify hydrogen-like energy levels.

• Vacuum energyRelated: It is a precision observable sensitive to quantum-field fluctuations, though not a direct measurement of absolute vacuum energy.

• Virtual particleBroader topic: Quantum-electrodynamic corrections, often illustrated with virtual-photon diagrams, account for it.

• Polykarp KuschRelated: Its measurement, recognized alongside Kusch’s work in 1955, also tested quantum electrodynamics.

• Willis LambBroader topic: This is the spectral discrepancy Lamb and Retherford measured.

• Exotic atomRelated: Muonic-atom Lamb shifts are highly sensitive to the nuclear charge distribution.

• QED vacuumRelated: Its precise value reflects interactions between the electron and quantized electromagnetic field.

• Quantum vacuum stateRelated: Its measurement tests how the electromagnetic vacuum affects atomic energy levels.