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The 169 pages that link to Napoleon Bonaparte, each with the reason it gives.

• George WashingtonCompared with: Washington relinquished command and office rather than converting military success into personal rule.

• Alexander I of RussiaCompared with: Alexander’s changing alliance and rivalry with Napoleon drove much of his foreign policy.

• French monarchyCompared with: His empire replaced hereditary Bourbon kingship with a new, plebiscitary monarchy.

• Helmuth von Moltke the ElderCompared with: Moltke studied Napoleon’s campaigns while developing a distinct approach to modern operational planning.

• Muhammad Ali of EgyptCompared with: Napoleon’s invasion disrupted Egypt’s political order, whereas Muhammad Ali turned that upheaval into lasting rule.

• Francis II, Holy Roman EmperorCompared with: Napoleon’s victories and German alliance-building directly undermined Francis’s imperial authority.

• Marquis de LafayetteCompared with: Lafayette opposed Napoleon’s concentration of power, despite their shared revolutionary era.

• Holy Roman EmperorCompared with: His creation of the Confederation of the Rhine helped bring the old imperial title to an end.

• Mikhail KutuzovCompared with: Kutuzov’s strategy opposed Napoleon’s effort to force a decisive Russian defeat.

• Pope Pius VIICompared with: Napoleon was Pius VII’s chief political adversary over church appointments, territory, and authority.

• Georges-Eugène HaussmannCompared with: Haussmann served Napoleon III, whose urban ambitions drew on but differed from his uncle’s legacy.

• Horatio NelsonCompared with: Nelson’s naval victories repeatedly obstructed Napoleon’s plans for power overseas.

• Pasquale PaoliCompared with: Napoleon’s family left Paoli’s cause after France took control of Corsica.

• Charles XIV JohnCompared with: Bernadotte served Napoleon but later led Sweden into the coalition against him.

• Pyotr BagrationCompared with: Bagration’s career was defined by repeated campaigns against Napoleon’s armies.

• Germaine de StaëlCompared with: His centralized authority and censorship stood against Staël’s advocacy of political liberty.

• Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum SteinCompared with: Napoleon’s victories over Prussia prompted Stein’s reforms and made him a target of French rule.

• Arthur WellesleyCompared with: Wellington's victories over Napoleon culminated at Waterloo.

• Ibrahim Pasha of EgyptCompared with: Both led armies shaped by modern military organization, but Ibrahim operated as a dynastic commander within the Ottoman world.

• Frederick William IIICompared with: His expansion and military victories forced Frederick William into defeat, accommodation, and eventual war.

• Victor Emmanuel ICompared with: Napoleon’s conquests displaced the Savoy monarchy that Victor Emmanuel later restored.