Papal supremacy

Papal supremacy is the doctrine that the pope holds supreme authority over the Catholic Church, including authority over its governance and teaching.

Petrine primacy: The Christian claim that Peter held a leading role among the apostles and that this role continued in the bishops of Rome. It supplies the scriptural and historical basis for Rome’s claim to primacy.
Matthew 16:18–19: A passage in the Gospel of Matthew in which Jesus gives Peter the keys of the kingdom and authority to bind and loose. Catholic arguments for papal authority often interpret this passage as grounding Peter’s office.
Conciliarism: The view that a general Church council holds supreme authority, potentially above the pope. It directly contests the claim that supreme authority belongs to the pope.
Investiture Controversy: The eleventh- and twelfth-century conflict over whether secular rulers or Church authorities could appoint bishops. The dispute tested whether papal authority could override imperial control of Church offices.
Papal infallibility: The Catholic doctrine that the pope is preserved from error when defining certain teachings on faith or morals for the whole Church. It describes a narrowly defined teaching power within papal authority.
Pope Leo I: The bishop of Rome from 440 to 461, known for strengthening claims about the authority inherited from Peter. His letters and interventions helped articulate Roman claims to leadership.
Gallicanism: A set of French Catholic doctrines that limited papal authority in favor of the French Church and state. It offers a national Catholic model that restricts universal papal jurisdiction.
Unam Sanctam: A 1302 papal bull by Boniface VIII asserting the necessity of submission to the Roman pontiff for salvation. It expressed an expansive claim about papal authority over spiritual and temporal rulers.
Bishop of Rome: The bishop who leads the Diocese of Rome and holds the papal office in the Catholic Church. The doctrine assigns universal authority to the holder of this particular episcopal office.
Donation of Constantine: A medieval forgery that purported to record Constantine granting extensive authority and territory to the pope. Its use in later arguments shows how political claims became entangled with papal authority.

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