Linked from

The 57 pages that link to Parkinson's disease, each with the reason it gives.

• DopamineRelated: Dopamine loss in the nigrostriatal pathway contributes to its movement symptoms.

• Oxidative stressRelated: Oxidative damage is one proposed contributor to neuronal injury in the disease.

• GaitRelated: Short steps and reduced arm swing can appear in its walking pattern.

• Motor controlRelated: Its slowed movement and difficulty initiating actions reveal the role of basal-ganglia circuits.

• Basal gangliaRelated: Dopamine loss disrupts basal ganglia circuits and causes characteristic movement difficulties.

• Deep brain stimulationRelated: DBS can reduce motor symptoms when medication no longer provides adequate control.

• DysphagiaRelated: Its motor and sensory changes can impair swallowing coordination.

• Muhammad AliRelated: Ali’s later life with Parkinson’s disease altered public perceptions of his body and athletic legacy.

• NeurodegenerationBroader topic: Its loss of substantia nigra neurons illustrates regionally selective degeneration.

• NeuroinflammationRelated: Inflammatory responses in the brain are studied as contributors to neuronal vulnerability.

• GABARelated: GABAergic circuits in the basal ganglia help regulate movement and are altered in this disorder.

• HallucinationRelated: Visual hallucinations can occur in Parkinson’s disease, including in association with treatment.

• NeurologyBroader topic: Movement-disorder care combines symptom control with ongoing functional assessment.

• CatecholamineRelated: Loss of dopamine signaling motivates treatment with the catecholamine precursor L-DOPA.

• Muscle toneBroader topic: Rigidity in Parkinson's disease is a familiar example of increased resistance assessed as tone.

• DystoniaCompared with: Parkinson disease can include dystonia, but its defining motor pattern differs.

• Huntington's diseaseCompared with: Its typical movement pattern differs from Huntington's chorea and behavioral changes.

• DysarthriaRelated: It can cause hypokinetic dysarthria, often involving reduced loudness and monotonous speech.

• OptogeneticsRelated: Optogenetic studies probe how basal-ganglia circuits contribute to parkinsonian symptoms.

• Protein misfoldingBroader topic: Misfolded alpha-synuclein aggregates form Lewy bodies in affected neurons.

• Mitochondrial dysfunctionRelated: Mitochondrial impairment is implicated in neuronal vulnerability and some inherited forms.

• Monoamine oxidase inhibitorRelated: Selective MAO-B inhibitors can extend dopamine activity and reduce motor symptoms.

• AnhedoniaRelated: Reward and motivation changes can accompany its motor symptoms.

• AnosmiaRelated: Olfactory loss can occur early in Parkinson's disease, sometimes before motor symptoms.

• LevodopaNarrower topic: Levodopa is the most effective medication for the disease’s core motor symptoms.

• Urinary incontinenceRelated: Its effects on mobility and neural control can contribute to urgency or difficulty reaching a toilet.

• Monoamine oxidaseRelated: MAO-B inhibitors can prolong dopamine action in the brain as part of its treatment.

• Postural controlRelated: Impaired postural responses can contribute to instability and falls.

• Restless legs syndromeRelated: Its dopaminergic biology and treatments overlap with restless legs syndrome, though the disorders differ.

• Extrapyramidal symptomsCompared with: Drug-induced parkinsonism can mimic it, but medication exposure rather than neurodegeneration is the cause.

• Dopamine receptorRelated: Dopamine receptor agonists can help compensate for reduced dopaminergic signaling.

• Gait analysisRelated: Step length, walking speed, and turning can quantify characteristic mobility changes.

• Multiple system atrophyCompared with: Early severe autonomic dysfunction and a limited levodopa response can favor multiple system atrophy.

• Vesicular monoamine transporter 2Related: VMAT2-mediated dopamine storage is relevant to dopaminergic treatment and neuronal vulnerability.

• DyskinesiaNarrower topic: It is the underlying condition most commonly associated with the treatment-related dyskinesia described here.

• Gaucher diseaseCompared with: GBA1 variants also increase Parkinson disease risk, though it is distinct from Gaucher disease.

• Progressive supranuclear palsyCompared with: Unlike typical Parkinson’s disease, this disorder often causes early falls and vertical gaze impairment.

• AmantadineRelated: Amantadine is used to ease selected motor symptoms in this disorder.

• Dance therapyRelated: Dance-based interventions may address mobility, balance, and quality of life.

• ParkinsonismBroader topic: It is the most common cause of parkinsonism.

• Stem-cell therapyRelated: Replacing dopamine-producing neurons with stem-cell-derived cells remains an active experimental strategy.

• ApomorphineNarrower topic: Apomorphine treats motor symptoms caused by reduced dopamine signaling in this disease.

• Behavioral neuroscienceBroader topic: Its symptoms illustrate how altered neural systems affect movement and other functions.

• Corticobasal degenerationCompared with: It can resemble corticobasal syndrome, but has a different defining pathology.

• HyposmiaRelated: Reduced olfactory function may occur early in the disease.

• MidbrainRelated: Degeneration of substantia nigra dopamine neurons contributes to its motor symptoms.

• DomperidoneRelated: Domperidone may treat nausea caused by Parkinson’s medicines without readily entering the brain.

• Michael J. FoxRelated: Fox disclosed his diagnosis in 1998 after living with symptoms for several years.

• SelegilineRelated: Selegiline can reduce motor symptoms as an adjunct to other Parkinson’s treatments.

• Transmissible spongiform encephalopathyCompared with: Its protein aggregation and neurodegeneration resemble some prion mechanisms, but it is not a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.