Sunda Arc

The Sunda Arc is a volcanic island arc extending from Sumatra through Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, formed above the zone where the Indo-Australian Plate descends beneath the Sunda Plate.

Sunda Trench: A deep ocean trench marking the convergent boundary where the Indo-Australian Plate descends beneath the Sunda Plate. The trench marks the offshore plate boundary that drives volcanism along the arc.
Mount Merapi: An active stratovolcano in central Java known for frequent eruptions and pyroclastic flows. Its recurring explosive activity illustrates hazards within the densely populated Java segment.
Sunda Strait: A strait between the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java. The strait marks a major gap between the arc’s Sumatra and Java volcanic segments.
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami: A magnitude 9.1–9.3 megathrust earthquake off Sumatra that generated a devastating Indian Ocean tsunami. Its rupture occurred along the Sunda subduction boundary west of the arc.
Indo-Australian Plate: A major tectonic plate moving northward beneath parts of Southeast Asia. Its descent beneath the Sunda Plate supplies the arc’s subduction system.
Krakatoa: A volcanic island group in the Sunda Strait, site of the catastrophic 1883 eruption. The 1883 eruption is among the arc’s best-known volcanic disasters.
Java Trench: A deep-sea trench south of Java, forming part of the Sunda Trench system. Its position records the convergent boundary along the Java portion of the arc.
2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami: A magnitude 7.7 earthquake off Java that generated a tsunami along Indonesia’s southern coast. It demonstrates that the Java segment can produce damaging tsunami earthquakes.
Sunda Plate: A tectonic plate underlying much of Southeast Asia and the Sunda Shelf. The overriding plate hosts the arc’s volcanic chain.
Mount Tambora: An active volcano on Sumbawa whose 1815 eruption was one of the largest in recorded history. Its 1815 eruption demonstrates the arc’s capacity for climate-altering explosive events.

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