Treaty of Sugauli

The 1816 treaty that ended the Anglo-Nepalese War between Nepal and the East India Company. It ceded territory, established a British resident in Kathmandu, and shaped Nepal’s borders and foreign relations.

Nepalese–British boundary: The international boundary between Nepal and British India, later inherited by Nepal and India. The treaty’s territorial cessions established much of the boundary’s historical course.
Territorial cession: The transfer of sovereignty over land from one political authority to another. The treaty required Nepal to surrender large areas to the East India Company.
Anglo-Nepalese War: The 1814–1816 war between the Kingdom of Nepal and the East India Company. The treaty concluded this conflict after Nepal’s military defeats.
Chandra Shekhar Upadhyaya: A Nepalese diplomat who represented the Kingdom of Nepal in negotiations with the East India Company. He signed the treaty on behalf of Nepal.
Treaty of Thapathali: A 1856 agreement between Nepal and Tibet that regulated their political and commercial relations. Unlike Sugauli’s settlement with the Company, it addressed Nepal’s relations with Tibet.
Kumaon: A Himalayan region in present-day Uttarakhand, India, historically ruled by Nepal before British conquest. Kumaon was among the western territories ceded under the treaty.
British residency in Kathmandu: The diplomatic post established in Kathmandu under the treaty, headed by a British resident. The treaty required Nepal to accept a British representative at its court.
Gorkha Kingdom: The Himalayan kingdom that expanded from Gorkha and became the state of Nepal. Its expansion brought it into conflict with the East India Company over frontier territories.
Parish Bradshaw: A British East India Company official who served as secretary to the government of Bengal. He signed the treaty on behalf of the Company.
Treaty of 1860: An 1860 agreement under which the British returned parts of western Nepal to the Rana government. It modified the territorial losses imposed by the 1816 settlement.

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