Linked from

The 108 pages that link to Umayyad Caliphate, each with the reason it gives.

• Sunni IslamRelated: Umayyad rule established the first hereditary caliphate after the early succession conflicts.

• Shia IslamRelated: Its rule followed Ali’s death and culminated in the conflict at Karbala.

• First FitnaRelated: Muawiya’s victory transformed the postwar settlement into a dynastic government.

• Islamic historiographyRelated: Its expansion and political memory formed important subjects of early historical accounts.

• Islamic artRelated: Umayyad patrons commissioned early monuments that combined inherited regional forms with new Islamic messages.

• Succession to MuhammadRelated: Muawiya’s accession after the First Fitna shifted leadership toward dynastic rule.

• DamascusRelated: Damascus served as the dynasty’s capital and imperial center.

• Ahl al-BaytRelated: Umayyad rule shaped the political setting in which Alid opposition developed.

• AshuraRelated: Yazid I's rule and the conflict at Karbala frame Ashura's historical memory.

• EmirateRelated: Its provincial governors and commanders helped establish emir as a political title.

• Arab–Byzantine warsRelated: Umayyad rulers organized repeated offensives against Byzantine territory, including the siege of Constantinople.

• Dome of the RockRelated: The shrine was built during Umayyad rule, under the patronage of Abd al-Malik.

• KarbalaRelated: The Umayyad ruler Yazid I’s forces fought Husayn at Karbala.

• Battle of the CamelRelated: The civil war that included the battle ended with Muawiya’s establishment of Umayyad rule.

• AniconismRelated: Its monuments reveal early Islamic uses of inscriptions and ornament in religious architecture.

• Muslim conquest of the LevantRelated: Damascus became the center of a caliphate built upon the conquered Syrian territories.

• JizyaRelated: Its expansion forced administrators to define taxation for newly conquered populations.

• Leo III the IsaurianRelated: Its expansion brought sustained military pressure to Leo’s eastern frontier and capital.

• ZaydismRelated: Zayd ibn Ali rebelled against Umayyad authority and its treatment of the Prophet’s family.

• Sunni–Shia relationsRelated: Its rule over the early Muslim community shaped the political conditions of the first Sunni–Shia conflicts.

• Muslim conquest of EgyptRelated: After the Rashidun period, Egypt became a province of this succeeding caliphate.

• QadiRelated: Umayyad administration helped establish judgeship as a regular office across an expanding empire.

• Islamization of IranRelated: Umayyad administration governed Iran during an early, uneven period of conversion.

• Al-BaladhuriRelated: Its expansion formed much of the political background to the conquests al-Baladhuri describes.

• Assassination of UthmanRelated: The conflict over Uthman’s death helped Muawiya establish dynastic rule.

• JabriyyaRelated: Early arguments about decree and responsibility unfolded amid Umayyad rule.

• Muslim conquest of the MaghrebRelated: Umayyad governors consolidated the conquest and connected the Maghreb to an imperial administration.

• Abu Sufyan ibn HarbRelated: His son Muawiya established the dynasty, extending the family’s political influence.

• Prophet's MosqueRelated: Umayyad rulers rebuilt and enlarged the mosque under Caliph al-Walid I.

• Battle of AkroinonRelated: The caliphate launched the campaign that culminated in the battle.

• ArabsRelated: Its administration and imperial reach accelerated Arabic's status as a language of government.

• Muslim conquest of SyriaRelated: After the conquest, Damascus became the political center of the first hereditary caliphate.

• Twelve ImamsRelated: Its rule brought several Imams into conflict with caliphal power.

• Islamic schools and branchesRelated: Its rule formed the political setting for early debates about authority and dissent.

• Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinentRelated: Its eastern governors authorized the campaign that brought Sindh under Arab rule.

• Predestination in IslamRelated: Political appeals to divine decree made questions of rulers’ responsibility especially consequential.

• Turk ShahisRelated: Umayyad campaigns pressed toward Kabul and tested Turk Shahi resistance.

• Umar ibn Abi Rabi'ahRelated: Umar’s life and poetry belong to the caliphate’s early Islamic society.