Linked from

The 48 pages that link to El Niño–Southern Oscillation, each with the reason it gives.

• MonsoonRelated: El Niño often weakens Indian summer monsoon rainfall, though the relationship varies.

• Pacific OceanRelated: It links ocean circulation to major shifts in Pacific weather.

• Marine heatwaveRelated: ENSO can shift regional ocean temperatures and influence marine heatwave likelihood.

• Ocean circulationRelated: Its shifts in Pacific circulation alter weather across much of the world.

• Tropical climateRelated: Its phases alter rainfall and drought risk across many tropical regions.

• Ocean currentRelated: Its changing winds and water temperatures reorganize Pacific currents and affect distant climates.

• Sea surface temperatureRelated: Central and eastern tropical Pacific SST anomalies help identify its phases.

• Indian Ocean DipoleRelated: ENSO can influence Indian Ocean dipole development, though the patterns are distinct.

• Kuroshio CurrentRelated: Its influence on Pacific winds and circulation can affect Kuroshio variability.

• Indonesian ThroughflowRelated: Its Pacific sea-level and wind changes alter the pressure gradient that drives the throughflow.

• Ocean heat transportRelated: Its shifts in tropical Pacific heat distribution alter weather patterns worldwide.

• Tropical forestRelated: Its rainfall shifts can intensify drought and fire in tropical forests.

• Climate change in AfricaRelated: El Niño and La Niña alter African rainfall patterns and interact with longer-term climate trends.

• King penguinRelated: Its effects on regional ocean conditions can influence food supply around some colonies.

• Rossby waveRelated: Equatorial Rossby waves redistribute warm water and contribute to the ocean’s adjustment during ENSO.

• East Asian monsoonRelated: Its phases alter western Pacific circulation and can shift East Asian monsoon rainfall.

• Southern AfricaRelated: Its phases can alter rainfall and drought risk across southern Africa.

• Extreme weatherRelated: Its phases shift the odds of droughts, floods, and storms across many regions.

• Lake TiticacaRelated: Its phases can alter rainfall and drought risk in the Titicaca basin.

• North PacificRelated: Its tropical shifts influence North Pacific weather and circulation.

• South Pacific OceanRelated: Its warm and cool phases reorganize winds, rainfall, and currents across the South Pacific.

• Australian monsoonRelated: ENSO shifts tropical circulation and often changes northern Australia’s monsoon rainfall.

• Central ChileRelated: Its phases can sharply alter rainfall and drought risk in Central Chile.

• Southwest monsoonRelated: El Niño often suppresses Indian monsoon rainfall, though the relationship varies between seasons.

• Tropical AmericasRelated: Its changing phases alter rainfall, drought, and fire risk across the region.

• Luzon StraitRelated: Its changing winds and currents can alter water exchange through the strait.

• Climate change in IndonesiaRelated: El Niño can amplify Indonesian drought and fire risk, interacting with long-term warming.

• Dry seasonRelated: Its phases can shift rainfall and intensify or weaken dry seasons in some regions.

• Wet seasonRelated: Its phases can alter wet-season rainfall and drought risk in distant regions.

• Outgoing longwave radiationRelated: Its shifts in tropical clouds and convection produce recognizable outgoing-radiation patterns.

• Sechura DesertRelated: Its warm phase can trigger the rainfall that temporarily transforms Sechura.

• Black Saturday bushfiresRelated: Drought linked to climate variability contributed to dry landscapes before the fires.

• Chilean SeaRelated: Its warm phases weaken upwelling and disrupt marine conditions off Chile.

• Effects of climate change on small island countriesRelated: Its phases alter rainfall, drought, and storm conditions across many island regions.

• Geography of South AmericaRelated: Its changing phases alter rainfall, drought, and flooding across parts of the continent.

• Gulf of PanamaRelated: Its warm and cool phases affect rainfall and marine conditions around the gulf.

• Ocean surface topographyRelated: Its evolving sea-surface height helps track changes in equatorial heat distribution.