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The 66 pages that link to Insulin, each with the reason it gives.

• Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineBroader topic: Frederick Banting and John Macleod received the 1923 prize for its discovery.

• X-ray crystallographyBroader topic: Its crystallographic structure became a landmark in the analysis of medically important proteins.

• GlucoseRelated: It signals tissues to take up glucose and favors its storage after meals.

• Type 2 diabetesRelated: Its signaling is impaired in target tissues, while its secretion can decline over time.

• Diabetes mellitusRelated: Its insufficient production or impaired action underlies the defining glucose elevation.

• Feedback loopRelated: Its release and action participate in blood-glucose feedback regulation.

• CarbohydrateRelated: Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after carbohydrate-rich meals.

• Thyroid hormonesCompared with: Its rapid control of nutrient handling contrasts with thyroid hormones’ broad influence on metabolic rate.

• FructoseRelated: Unlike glucose, fructose produces little immediate insulin secretion, though its metabolic effects are broader.

• HypoglycemiaRelated: Excess insulin can drive glucose downward and is a common cause of treatment-related episodes.

• Disulfide bondBroader topic: Its two chains are connected by disulfide bonds, and another bond stabilizes one chain.

• Endoplasmic reticulumBroader topic: Beta cells rely on ER protein synthesis and processing to produce this secreted hormone.

• GluconeogenesisCompared with: Insulin suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis in the fed state.

• Insulin resistanceNarrower topic: Its normal actions provide the baseline against which reduced tissue responsiveness is defined.

• Cell signalingBroader topic: Insulin signaling controls glucose uptake and metabolism in target tissues.

• BiotechnologyRelated: Recombinant human insulin became an early landmark product of genetic engineering.

• HormoneBroader topic: Its failure or deficiency is central to diabetes mellitus.

• GlucagonCompared with: Insulin generally counters glucagon’s glucose-raising effects after meals.

• FastingRelated: Insulin levels generally fall when food intake stops, changing how the body handles stored fuel.

• Fatty acid synthesisRelated: It promotes fatty-acid synthesis after feeding by increasing enzyme activity and expression.

• GlycogenRelated: It favors glycogen synthesis and suppresses glycogen breakdown in responsive tissues.

• MetforminNarrower topic: Metformin changes glucose regulation while relying on the body’s existing insulin system.

• PancreasBroader topic: Pancreatic beta cells release insulin when blood glucose rises.

• Insulin therapyNarrower topic: Injected or infused insulin replaces the hormone’s glucose-lowering action.

• Type 1 diabetesRelated: Its severe deficiency is the direct physiological consequence of beta-cell destruction.

• Frederick SangerRelated: Sanger chose insulin as the protein whose sequence he would determine.

• Ketogenic DietRelated: Lower insulin signaling during carbohydrate restriction favors fat breakdown and ketone production.

• Growth hormoneCompared with: Its metabolic actions differ from growth hormone’s tendency to oppose some insulin effects.

• KetogenesisCompared with: Low insulin permits the fatty-acid flux and liver metabolism that favor ketogenesis.

• HyperglycemiaRelated: Too little insulin or reduced response to it commonly allows glucose to accumulate in blood.

• LipolysisCompared with: Unlike catecholamines, insulin suppresses adipocyte lipolysis and favors triglyceride storage.

• Golgi apparatusBroader topic: Insulin is processed and packaged in secretory granules formed from the Golgi pathway.

• Peptide hormoneBroader topic: It is a major metabolic peptide hormone and a classic example of receptor-mediated signaling.

• PeptideBroader topic: It is a prominent therapeutic peptide and a classic example of peptide hormone activity.

• Added sugarRelated: Insulin helps regulate blood glucose after consumption of sugars containing glucose.

• Lipid metabolismRelated: Insulin shifts metabolism toward lipid synthesis and storage while restraining fat release.

• Pancreatic isletRelated: It is the principal hormone released by beta cells in response to rising glucose.

• Dorothy HodgkinRelated: Hodgkin began its crystallographic study in the 1930s; the structure was solved decades later.

• Gestational diabetesRelated: Insufficient insulin production to meet pregnancy’s increased demand allows blood glucose to rise.

• LeptinRelated: Insulin and leptin both convey information about energy status, through different tissues and pathways.

• Oral glucose tolerance testRelated: Insulin release helps determine the measured response to the glucose drink.

• AdipocyteRelated: Insulin promotes glucose uptake and fat storage in adipocytes.

• Eli Lilly and CompanyRelated: Lilly became a major insulin producer after introducing commercial insulin in 1923.

• GlycogenesisRelated: Insulin activates glycogen synthesis after glucose availability rises.

• Pancreatic beta cellNarrower topic: It is the principal hormone produced and secreted by beta cells.

• Prescription drugBroader topic: Insulin dosing often requires an individualized prescription and ongoing adjustment.

• Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexRelated: In some tissues, insulin promotes pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and carbohydrate oxidation.

• Recombinant insulinNarrower topic: Recombinant insulin reproduces this hormone without relying on animal pancreases.

• Bernardo HoussayRelated: Houssay’s findings showed pituitary hormones could oppose insulin’s glucose-lowering action.

• BiopharmaceuticalBroader topic: Recombinant human insulin became a landmark biotechnology-produced medicine.