Linked from

The 118 pages that link to Liberalism, each with the reason it gives.

• MarxismCompared with: Marxist critiques challenge liberal accounts of freedom that leave capitalist property relations intact.

• AnarchismCompared with: Anarchism challenges liberalism’s acceptance of a state as the guarantor of rights.

• Social democracyCompared with: Social democracy shares liberal freedoms but places greater emphasis on economic equality and social provision.

• John LockeNarrower topic: Locke’s defense of natural rights and constrained government became a foundational strand of liberal thought.

• Social contractNarrower topic: Lockean contract ideas helped supply liberalism with a theory of consent and protected rights.

• RepublicanismCompared with: Republicans and liberals differ over whether freedom chiefly requires non-domination or protection from interference.

• John Stuart MillNarrower topic: Mill’s defense of personal liberty became a landmark statement of nineteenth-century liberalism.

• Michel FoucaultCompared with: Foucault examined liberalism as a historically specific way of governing, rather than treating it only as a doctrine of freedom.

• Otto von BismarckCompared with: Bismarck governed as a conservative while repeatedly bargaining with and constraining liberal movements.

• ConservatismCompared with: Conservatism and liberalism overlap historically but differ over the weight of inherited authority and reform.

• IndividualismNarrower topic: Individualism is a central strand of liberal thought, but the two are not identical.

• MulticulturalismRelated: Multiculturalism’s compatibility with individual rights is a central point of political disagreement.

• Edmund BurkeCompared with: Burke’s emphasis on inherited social duties differs from liberal arguments grounded primarily in individual rights.

• Political economyCompared with: Liberal approaches often give market coordination and private choice greater weight.

• Frankfurt SchoolCompared with: Frankfurt School critiques questioned whether formal freedoms overcome domination within capitalist society.

• Political philosophyRelated: It supplies influential arguments for protecting personal freedom and constraining government.

• Critical race theoryCompared with: CRT disputes whether individual-rights frameworks and formal equality alone can remedy structural inequality.

• John RawlsBroader topic: Rawls revises his theory here to address enduring pluralism.

• Klemens von MetternichCompared with: Liberal demands for constitutions and civil liberties conflicted with Metternich’s defense of monarchical authority.

• Alexis de TocquevilleNarrower topic: Tocqueville’s defense of liberty within democracy places him in a tradition he also criticized.

• CommunitarianismCompared with: Communitarian thinkers challenge liberal accounts that treat individuals as separable from social ties.

• Anti-communismCompared with: Liberal anti-communism defended pluralist democracy, unlike authoritarian opposition to communism.

• Federal Republic of Central AmericaRelated: Liberal and conservative disputes shaped the federation’s institutions and political struggles.

• Hundred DaysCompared with: Napoleon’s 1815 constitutional concessions sought support from liberals wary of both empire and Bourbon rule.

• Martha NussbaumRelated: Her account of basic capabilities aims to guide law without requiring one comprehensive view of the good.

• New LeftCompared with: New Left activists argued that formal rights and gradual reform left structural injustice intact.

• Political theologyCompared with: Liberal political orders seek legitimacy through rights and consent rather than a single religious authority.

• Young TurksCompared with: The Young Turks’ constitutional language coexisted uneasily with authoritarian practice and restrictions on opposition.

• Beveridge ReportRelated: Beveridge’s plan extended social protection while retaining a role for individual contribution and choice.

• BonapartismCompared with: Bonapartist appeals to popular mandate can conflict with liberal restraints on executive power.

• French republicanismCompared with: Its emphasis on protecting individuals can conflict with republican demands for a common civic public.

• Herbert MarcuseCompared with: Marcuse argued that formal liberties can coexist with social arrangements that narrow meaningful choice.

• Arab socialismCompared with: Arab socialist states generally prioritized collective development and state direction over liberal market principles.

• Carl SchmittCompared with: Schmitt criticized liberalism for treating political conflict as manageable through discussion and legal procedure.

• CollectivismCompared with: Liberalism often treats individual rights as constraints on collective goals.

• Isaiah BerlinNarrower topic: Berlin’s writings became a durable twentieth-century defense of liberal politics.

• Social liberalismNarrower topic: Social liberalism is a branch of this broader political tradition.

• KemalismCompared with: Kemalist statism and early one-party rule differed from liberal commitments to limited government and political competition.

• Ludwig von MisesRelated: Mises defended liberal institutions as conditions for peaceful cooperation and economic prosperity.

• Pope Leo XIIICompared with: Leo XIII criticized forms of liberalism he considered hostile to religious authority and social duties.

• Propaganda MovementRelated: Liberal ideas gave reformists principles for criticizing colonial rule and demanding equal rights.

• August BebelCompared with: Bebel’s socialist critique went beyond the constitutional and civil-rights goals shared with some liberals.

• Counter-EnlightenmentCompared with: Its universal rights claims were among the ideas some Counter-Enlightenment thinkers rejected.

• Mexican liberalismNarrower topic: Mexican liberalism adapted this broader tradition to conflicts rooted in Mexico’s history.

• Anti-fascismCompared with: Liberal anti-fascism often defends pluralist institutions, unlike revolutionary anti-fascist traditions.

• British idealismRelated: Green’s idealist account recast freedom as a capacity fostered by social institutions.

• Civic RepublicanismCompared with: Its emphasis on protected individual choice can conflict with republican demands for civic participation.

• NasserismCompared with: Its emphasis on political pluralism and constrained government contrasts with Nasserist centralization.

• Western philosophyRelated: Philosophical arguments about liberty and consent helped form liberal political institutions.

• Anti-authoritarianismRelated: Liberalism shares opposition to unchecked government while generally preserving constitutional authority.