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The 89 pages that link to Modern architecture, each with the reason it gives.

• Gothic architectureCompared with: Modern architects often rejected historical ornament, including medieval Gothic motifs.

• ChicagoNarrower topic: Chicago’s architects helped shape modern architecture through tall buildings and Mies’s later work.

• International StyleNarrower topic: International Style is one influential strand within this broader architectural movement.

• Historic preservationCompared with: Modernist redevelopment has often challenged the survival of older urban fabric.

• Neoclassical architectureCompared with: Modernists challenged the historical references and applied ornament central to neoclassical design.

• École des Beaux-ArtsCompared with: Its principles rejected many conventions promoted by Beaux-Arts architectural education.

• Le CorbusierNarrower topic: Le Corbusier was one of its most influential architects and theorists.

• Postmodern architectureCompared with: Postmodern architects rejected its claims that form should follow function and historical styles should be abandoned.

• Geometric abstractionRelated: Geometric abstraction helped establish visual languages for modern buildings.

• Classical architectureCompared with: Modernism’s break with historical styles sharpened debate over classical revival.

• Beaux-Arts architectureCompared with: Modern architects often opposed the tradition’s academic historicism and decorative excess.

• BrasíliaRelated: Niemeyer’s civic buildings gave Brasília a distinctive monumental modernist character.

• Gothic Revival architectureCompared with: Modern architects challenged the movement’s reliance on medieval forms and applied ornament.

• Jane JacobsCompared with: Jacobs criticized urban schemes that applied modernist design without regard for existing street life.

• Urban designCompared with: Its separation of buildings and open space often conflicts with traditional street enclosure.

• Vernacular architectureCompared with: Modernist ideals often favored international design principles over local building customs.

• Crystal PalaceNarrower topic: Later architects treated the palace as an early precedent for construction freed from masonry walls.

• Eugène Viollet-le-DucNarrower topic: His structural theories offered later architects a model for deriving form from construction.

• Urban morphologyCompared with: Modernist redevelopment often disrupted inherited street and parcel patterns.

• Walter GropiusNarrower topic: Gropius helped define this broad movement through buildings, teaching, and institutional leadership.

• Organic architectureNarrower topic: Organic architecture arose within modern architecture while resisting its more abstract, universal tendencies.

• Planned cityRelated: Its principles strongly influenced twentieth-century plans for new cities and capitals.

• Vienna SecessionRelated: Secession architects helped prepare Viennese audiences for architectural modernism.

• Eiffel TowerRelated: The tower made exposed iron structure a subject of architectural debate.

• Philip JohnsonNarrower topic: Johnson became a prominent advocate and practitioner of this broad architectural movement.

• Chicago School (architecture)Narrower topic: The Chicago School is often treated as an early precursor, rather than a synonym, for modern architecture.

• RotterdamNarrower topic: Rotterdam is often distinguished among Dutch cities by its concentration of modern buildings.

• Victorian architectureCompared with: Its rejection of elaborate historicist decoration marks a clear departure from Victorian practice.

• DeconstructivismNarrower topic: Deconstructivism challenged modern architecture’s association of clarity with rational order.

• Villa SavoyeNarrower topic: Villa Savoye became one of modern architecture’s most influential built works.

• Eero SaarinenNarrower topic: Saarinen expanded modern architecture with expressive, sculptural forms rather than a single visual formula.

• FallingwaterNarrower topic: Fallingwater became a widely recognized work within modern architecture.

• Form follows functionNarrower topic: The principle became one of modern architecture’s most influential design ideals.

• High-tech architectureNarrower topic: High-tech architecture extends modernism’s use of industrial materials and functional planning.

• Jacques TatiRelated: Playtime made modern buildings and interiors active sources of comic tension.

• Le HavreNarrower topic: Perret’s rebuilt Le Havre is a large-scale example of modern urban architecture.

• Postmodern artCompared with: Postmodern architecture’s ornament and historical quotation challenged modernist architectural principles.

• Theo van DoesburgNarrower topic: His architectural proposals contributed to the abstract, planar vocabulary of modernist design.

• Block (urban planning)Compared with: Modernist planning often treated buildings as objects in open space rather than edges enclosing blocks.

• Expressionist architectureNarrower topic: Expressionism was one experimental strand within modern architecture’s wider transformation.

• Iranian architectureNarrower topic: Iranian architects adapted modern architecture while negotiating local histories and identities.

• Adolf LoosNarrower topic: Loos’s criticism of ornament helped establish debates central to modern architecture.

• Glass architectureNarrower topic: Glass became one of modern architecture’s defining materials and visual expressions.

• Marcel BreuerNarrower topic: Breuer’s buildings belong to a movement that replaced historical styles with modern materials and forms.

• Otto WagnerNarrower topic: Wagner’s buildings and teaching helped establish its early Viennese direction.

• Vladimir TatlinNarrower topic: Tatlin’s tower became an influential reference point despite never being constructed.

• Alvar AaltoNarrower topic: Aalto worked within modernism while softening its forms and materials.

• John BetjemanCompared with: His resistance to architectural modernism sharpened his defense of older buildings.

• Louis KahnNarrower topic: Kahn worked within modern architecture while challenging its association with thinness and industrial uniformity.

• Lúcio CostaNarrower topic: Costa’s work developed within modern architecture’s rejection of historicist styles.