Linked from

The 167 pages that link to European Union, each with the reason it gives.

• ComeconCompared with: Its market-based integration became a contrasting framework as former Comecon states reoriented after 1991.

• Court of Justice of the European UnionNarrower topic: The Court is one institution within this broader political and legal framework.

• Czech RepublicRelated: Czech membership affects its laws, trade, funding, and regional cooperation.

• Helmut KohlRelated: Kohl backed deeper European integration as a counterpart to German unity.

• RussiaCompared with: Russia’s relationship with the EU contrasts with the union’s supranational model and its European integration project.

• Single European ActNarrower topic: The Act preceded the Union’s creation and remained a treaty of the European Communities.

• SwedenRelated: Sweden is an EU member but has retained the krona rather than adopting the euro.

• Swiss ConfederationCompared with: It is a treaty-based union of sovereign member states, unlike Switzerland’s single federal state.

• Angela MerkelNarrower topic: Her chancellorship made Germany a central broker in the Union’s economic and political decisions.

• AustriaRelated: Austria joined in 1995, combining its neutrality policy with participation in European integration.

• European Economic AreaCompared with: The EEA EFTA states access much of its market without joining the Union.

• International Whaling CommissionRelated: The EU’s members coordinate positions within the Commission, despite the EU not being a contracting government.

• PolandRelated: Poland joined in 2004 and participates in the union’s lawmaking and common market.

• Scottish independenceRelated: Independence proposals differ over whether and how Scotland could rejoin the union.

• Economic Community of West African StatesCompared with: It is a frequent comparison, but ECOWAS has substantially different powers, resources, and integration depth.

• Emmanuel MacronRelated: Macron has advocated deeper European integration and a stronger shared defense capacity.

• MoldovaCompared with: Moldova seeks accession, while remaining outside the union as a sovereign state.

• BulgariaRelated: Bulgaria's membership since 2007 shapes its laws, trade, funding, and international ties.

• Robert SchumanNarrower topic: The Union’s institutional roots trace back to the integration Schuman helped launch.

• AachenNarrower topic: Aachen’s border location and international institutions reflect European integration.

• AirbusNarrower topic: Airbus’s multinational industrial model reflects broader European economic cooperation.

• Democratic deficitBroader topic: Its multilevel institutions are a prominent setting for debates over democratic distance and accountability.

• International organizationBroader topic: It demonstrates unusually deep integration while remaining distinct from a federal state.

• SlovakiaRelated: Slovakia joined the union in 2004 and participates in its single market and institutions.

• Washington IrvingNarrower topic: Long stays in Britain and Spain supplied settings, traditions, and subjects for much of Irving’s work.

• European cinemaRelated: Its policies and funding programs support film production and circulation across member states.

• European federalismBroader topic: It embodies substantial shared governance but is not a federal state.

• MaltaRelated: Malta joined the EU in 2004, embedding the country in European governance.

• Organization of Eastern Caribbean StatesCompared with: It offers a larger-scale comparison for the possibilities and limits of regional integration.

• Tax competitionRelated: Its integrated market brings tax-policy competition into close contact with coordination efforts.

• Treaty of LisbonNarrower topic: Lisbon amended the treaties that define this Union’s institutions and powers.

• ASEANCompared with: Unlike the EU, ASEAN generally relies on intergovernmental consensus and avoids transferring sovereignty.

• Commonwealth of Independent StatesCompared with: Its supranational authority contrasts with the CIS's sovereignty-preserving cooperation.

• CroatiaRelated: Croatia joined in 2013 and adopted the euro in 2023.

• David CameronNarrower topic: Cameron's premiership was shaped by disputes over Britain's membership in the union.

• Eastern EuropeRelated: EU membership cuts across regional labels and complicates the equation of Eastern Europe with a single political bloc.

• EstoniaRelated: Estonia’s membership shapes its economy, laws, and movement across Europe.

• European Medicines AgencyNarrower topic: The EMA is an EU agency operating within the Union's regulatory system.

• Geneva International DiscussionsRelated: The EU co-chairs the discussions and its monitoring mission operates in Georgia.

• Georgia (country)Compared with: Georgia seeks closer integration with the EU while remaining outside the union.

• LatviaRelated: Latvia joined in 2004, linking its economy and policy to the union.

• LuxembourgNarrower topic: Luxembourg is a founding member and hosts important EU institutions.

• Paul-Henri SpaakNarrower topic: The EU is the later institutional development of the integration process Spaak helped launch.

• REACHNarrower topic: REACH is directly applicable EU legislation, implemented through the Union’s legal framework.

• End of the Cold WarRelated: European integration advanced in the new order that followed the division of the continent.

• Eurasian Economic UnionCompared with: The EU has deeper supranational institutions and a broader political scope than the Eurasian union.

• FinlandNarrower topic: Finland joined in 1995, embedding its economy and policies in a wider European framework.

• MercosurCompared with: Its deeper supranational authority highlights Mercosur’s reliance on national governments.

• Nordic countriesCompared with: Nordic membership is not identical: Norway and Iceland are outside the European Union.

• Organization for Security and Co-operation in EuropeCompared with: The EU’s membership and legal authority differ from the OSCE’s broader, consensus-based security framework.