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The 160 pages that link to Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, each with the reason it gives.

• Harvey J. AlterNarrower topic: Alter shared the 2020 prize with Houghton and Rice for discovering hepatitis C virus.

• Hermann Joseph MullerNarrower topic: Muller received the 1946 prize for discovering that mutations can be induced by X-rays.

• Jack W. SzostakNarrower topic: Szostak shared its 2009 award for discoveries about telomeres and telomerase.

• LobotomyRelated: Moniz’s 1949 award reflected the procedure’s contemporary acceptance, later contested by critics.

• Max TheilerRelated: Theiler received the 1951 prize for discoveries concerning yellow fever and its control.

• Robert EdwardsRelated: Edwards received the 2010 prize for developing human in vitro fertilization.

• Robin WarrenRelated: Warren and Marshall received the 2005 prize for their discovery of Helicobacter pylori’s role.

• Severo OchoaNarrower topic: The 1959 award recognized Ochoa and Kornberg for discoveries concerning biological nucleic-acid synthesis.

• Susumu TonegawaNarrower topic: Tonegawa received the 1987 prize for discovering the genetic principle behind antibody diversity.

• Tim HuntRelated: Hunt shared the 2001 award for discoveries concerning cell-cycle regulation.

• Allan MacLeod CormackNarrower topic: Cormack received this award for work whose mathematical origins lay outside conventional clinical research.

• Allvar GullstrandNarrower topic: Gullstrand’s 1911 award placed optical research within this broader scientific honor.

• Andrew FireRelated: Fire received this prize with Mello in 2006 for RNA interference.

• Artturi Ilmari VirtanenCompared with: Its neighboring scientific domain helps distinguish Virtanen’s chemistry award from medicine-focused Nobel recognition.

• Autonomous University of MadridRelated: University-affiliated researchers have contributed to research recognized by this scientific award.

• Baruch Samuel BlumbergRelated: Blumberg shared the 1976 prize for discoveries concerning new mechanisms of disease origin and dissemination.

• Charles NicolleNarrower topic: Nicolle received the 1928 prize for his work on epidemic typhus.

• Daniel BovetRelated: The 1957 award recognized Bovet’s work on compounds that block bodily substances.

• Daniel Carleton GajdusekNarrower topic: Gajdusek received the 1976 award jointly with Baruch S. Blumberg.

• Edward Adelbert DoisyNarrower topic: The 1943 award recognized Doisy and Dam’s work on vitamin K.

• Esther LederbergBroader topic: Joshua Lederberg received the 1958 prize for work on bacterial genetics, while Esther was not included.

• Georg von BékésyRelated: Békésy received the 1961 prize for discoveries about the cochlea’s physical mechanisms.

• George MinotNarrower topic: The 1934 prize recognized the work that made Minot’s name internationally known.

• Gertrude B. ElionNarrower topic: Elion shared the 1988 award with George H. Hitchings and James W. Black.

• Henrik DamNarrower topic: Dam and Edward Adelbert Doisy received the 1943 award for work on vitamin K.

• Henry Hallett DaleNarrower topic: Dale received the 1936 prize jointly with Otto Loewi.

• Jacques MonodNarrower topic: Its 1965 award recognized Monod, Jacob, and Lwoff for discoveries about genetic control.

• John MacleodNarrower topic: The 1923 award named Macleod and Banting as recipients for the discovery of insulin.

• Joseph ErlangerRelated: Erlanger and Gasser received the 1944 prize for discoveries concerning the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibers.

• Jules A. HoffmannRelated: Hoffmann shared the 2011 prize for discoveries concerning innate immunity.

• Linda B. BuckNarrower topic: Buck’s 2004 award recognized the receptor discoveries made with Axel.

• Macfarlane BurnetNarrower topic: Burnet received the 1960 award jointly with Peter Medawar for acquired immunological tolerance.

• Mario CapecchiRelated: Capecchi shared its 2007 award with Evans and Smithies for gene targeting in mice.

• Marshall Warren NirenbergNarrower topic: Nirenberg’s 1968 award marked the genetic code’s significance to biomedical science.

• May-Britt MoserRelated: The 2014 award recognized Moser's discovery alongside work on the brain's positioning system.

• Niels Kaj JerneRelated: Jerne shared the 1984 prize for theories concerning immune specificity and regulation.

• Niels Ryberg FinsenRelated: Finsen received the 1903 prize for his work on diseases treated with concentrated light radiation.

• Ralph M. SteinmanNarrower topic: Steinman’s 2011 award placed his discovery among research recognized for transforming biomedical understanding.

• Rosalyn Sussman YalowNarrower topic: Yalow received the 1977 prize for developing radioimmunoassay.

• Werner ArberNarrower topic: Arber’s award places his discovery among work recognized for reshaping biological understanding.

• William P. MurphyNarrower topic: Murphy received this award jointly in 1934 for liver therapy research.

• Alec ToddCompared with: Todd’s molecular discoveries were honored in chemistry, not in the neighboring Nobel category for medicine.

• António Egas MonizRelated: Moniz shared its 1949 award for discovering the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses.

• Archibald HillNarrower topic: Hill received the 1922 award jointly with Otto Meyerhof for research on muscle metabolism.

• Charles RichetRelated: Richet received the 1913 prize for his work on anaphylaxis.

• Charles Scott SherringtonRelated: Sherrington shared the 1932 prize with Edgar Adrian for discoveries concerning nervous-system functions.

• Emil Theodor KocherNarrower topic: Kocher received the 1909 prize for work on thyroid physiology, pathology, and surgery.

• Erwin NeherRelated: Neher and Sakmann received the 1991 prize for discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.

• Günter BlobelRelated: Blobel received the 1999 prize for discovering that proteins have intrinsic targeting signals.

• Hideyo NoguchiRelated: Noguchi was nominated repeatedly but never received the prize.