Linked from

The 100 pages that link to Papal States, each with the reason it gives.

• FlorenceCompared with: Florence negotiated and competed with papal authority across central Italy.

• Carolingian EmpireRelated: Pepin's donation to the pope strengthened the alliance behind Carolingian kingship.

• Henry VIIICompared with: The pope’s political sovereignty contrasted with Henry’s effort to make the English crown supreme in church affairs.

• Kingdom of NaplesCompared with: The Papal States bordered Naples to the north and represented a different kind of territorial monarchy.

• Avignon PapacyNarrower topic: The popes’ absence from Rome complicated their control of these Italian lands.

• Giuseppe GaribaldiCompared with: Garibaldi’s repeated attempts to take Rome challenged papal temporal rule.

• PopeRelated: Their rulers were both spiritual leaders and temporal sovereigns.

• Papal infallibilityRelated: The loss of papal territory intensified debates about the pope's spiritual authority.

• First Vatican CouncilRelated: Their impending loss formed the political crisis surrounding the council.

• Vatican CityNarrower topic: Their loss preceded the creation of the modern Vatican state.

• Pope Pius IXNarrower topic: Their loss transformed the papacy from a territorial ruler into a sovereign without a state.

• Italian nationalismRelated: Their incorporation completed territorial unification and triggered a lasting dispute with the papacy.

• Pope Julius IINarrower topic: Julius II used military and diplomatic campaigns to recover and expand these lands.

• TheocracyBroader topic: They were a long-lived example of direct temporal rule by a religious officeholder.

• Holy SeeCompared with: They were a much larger territorial basis for papal power than Vatican City is today.

• Donation of ConstantineBroader topic: The alleged grant became one argument used to support papal rule over land.

• Lateran TreatyNarrower topic: Their loss left the papacy without territorial sovereignty until the treaty.

• Pope Gregory XIIIRelated: Gregory governed these territories as both pope and temporal ruler.

• Sistine Chapel ceilingNarrower topic: The commission belonged to the papacy’s broader use of art to express authority and prestige.

• Pope Gregory IXRelated: Securing these lands was central to Gregory’s political conflict with Frederick II.

• Roman QuestionRelated: Its loss deprived the pope of territorial rule and formed the dispute’s immediate background.

• House of SavoyCompared with: The papacy’s temporal rule stood against the Savoyard drive to incorporate Rome.

• Byzantine ItalyRelated: The transfer of Byzantine lands to papal authority helped create a new central Italian power.

• Capture of RomeRelated: Their remaining territory was annexed after Rome fell.

• Exarchate of RavennaRelated: The exarchate’s former lands helped establish the papacy as a temporal power.

• Italian city-statesCompared with: The Papal States combined urban power with religious authority and a broader territorial base.

• PapacyRelated: Their history shows how the papacy once exercised direct territorial rule.

• Catherine of SienaRelated: Her calls for peace among Italian powers concerned lands and politics tied to papal rule.

• Pope Alexander VINarrower topic: Alexander used the papacy’s territorial resources to expand his family’s political power.

• Robert GuiscardRelated: Guiscard’s alliance with the papacy brought legitimacy, but his forces also attacked Rome in 1084.

• Cesare BorgiaRelated: Cesare’s conquests targeted lands within and around this papal domain.

• Donation of PepinBroader topic: The Donation established the territorial foundation for papal rule.

• Pope Gregory IRelated: Gregory’s administration of Roman lands anticipated the papacy’s later territorial rule.

• Pope Leo XIIIRelated: Leo XIII’s papacy followed the loss of the territory in which he had been born and served.

• Pope Paul IIINarrower topic: Paul III’s reforming work took place alongside his government of these territories.

• CastratoRelated: Church institutions in these territories employed castrati for sacred music.

• Charles I of AnjouRelated: Papal support helped legitimize Charles’s conquest of Sicily and his eastern ambitions.

• Papal legateRelated: Temporal rule gave popes diplomatic interests that legates could advance and administer.

• Pope Sixtus IVNarrower topic: Sixtus IV exercised secular power as ruler of these territories.

• War of the Sicilian VespersRelated: Papal support for the Angevins made the conflict part of a wider struggle over Italian power.

• James Francis Edward StuartRelated: James spent his later years in Rome under papal protection.

• Pepin the ShortBroader topic: Pepin’s grants helped establish the papacy’s territorial rule.

• Pope Martin VRelated: Control of these lands gave Martin a political base for restoring papal government in Rome.

• UltramontanismRelated: Their loss sharpened disputes over whether the pope could remain independent of secular rulers.

• FerraraRelated: Papal rule began in Ferrara after the Este line ended there in 1598.

• Kingdom of ItalyCompared with: The papacy held lands within Italy and competed with kings and emperors for authority.

• Liber PontificalisRelated: The biographies record donations and political events linked to their emergence.

• Pope Pius IINarrower topic: Pius governed these territories while strengthening papal influence in Italian politics.

• Pope Pius VIIRelated: Napoleon annexed the Papal States, turning a territorial dispute into a direct confrontation with Pius VII.

• Roman Republic (1849)Narrower topic: The republic replaced papal government in Rome, the Papal States’ capital.