Linked from

The 100 pages that link to Papal States, each with the reason it gives.

• Carolingian EmpireRelated: Pepin's donation to the pope strengthened the alliance behind Carolingian kingship.

• PopeRelated: Their rulers were both spiritual leaders and temporal sovereigns.

• Papal infallibilityRelated: The loss of papal territory intensified debates about the pope's spiritual authority.

• First Vatican CouncilRelated: Their impending loss formed the political crisis surrounding the council.

• Italian nationalismRelated: Their incorporation completed territorial unification and triggered a lasting dispute with the papacy.

• Pope Gregory XIIIRelated: Gregory governed these territories as both pope and temporal ruler.

• Pope Gregory IXRelated: Securing these lands was central to Gregory’s political conflict with Frederick II.

• Roman QuestionRelated: Its loss deprived the pope of territorial rule and formed the dispute’s immediate background.

• Byzantine ItalyRelated: The transfer of Byzantine lands to papal authority helped create a new central Italian power.

• Capture of RomeRelated: Their remaining territory was annexed after Rome fell.

• Exarchate of RavennaRelated: The exarchate’s former lands helped establish the papacy as a temporal power.

• PapacyRelated: Their history shows how the papacy once exercised direct territorial rule.

• Catherine of SienaRelated: Her calls for peace among Italian powers concerned lands and politics tied to papal rule.

• Robert GuiscardRelated: Guiscard’s alliance with the papacy brought legitimacy, but his forces also attacked Rome in 1084.

• Cesare BorgiaRelated: Cesare’s conquests targeted lands within and around this papal domain.

• Pope Gregory IRelated: Gregory’s administration of Roman lands anticipated the papacy’s later territorial rule.

• Pope Leo XIIIRelated: Leo XIII’s papacy followed the loss of the territory in which he had been born and served.

• CastratoRelated: Church institutions in these territories employed castrati for sacred music.

• Charles I of AnjouRelated: Papal support helped legitimize Charles’s conquest of Sicily and his eastern ambitions.

• Papal legateRelated: Temporal rule gave popes diplomatic interests that legates could advance and administer.

• War of the Sicilian VespersRelated: Papal support for the Angevins made the conflict part of a wider struggle over Italian power.

• James Francis Edward StuartRelated: James spent his later years in Rome under papal protection.

• Pope Martin VRelated: Control of these lands gave Martin a political base for restoring papal government in Rome.

• UltramontanismRelated: Their loss sharpened disputes over whether the pope could remain independent of secular rulers.

• FerraraRelated: Papal rule began in Ferrara after the Este line ended there in 1598.

• Liber PontificalisRelated: The biographies record donations and political events linked to their emergence.

• Pope Pius VIIRelated: Napoleon annexed the Papal States, turning a territorial dispute into a direct confrontation with Pius VII.

• Emilia-RomagnaRelated: Papal rule strongly influenced Romagna and other eastern territories.

• Renaissance papacyRelated: Its lands and revenues gave Renaissance popes political power beyond their spiritual office.

• Christianization of the FranksRelated: Frankish military support helped create the territorial power of the medieval papacy.

• Pope John VIIIRelated: John’s political independence rested on defending Rome and the lands associated with papal rule.

• Treaty of AnagniRelated: Papal diplomacy and authority were central to the agreement’s terms.

• War of the League of CambraiRelated: Julius II used the conflict to expand papal territory and counter foreign influence.

• Battle of CivitateRelated: The papacy’s temporal power shaped Leo IX’s effort to resist Norman advances.

• Matilda of TuscanyRelated: Matilda's lands bordered papal territory and helped protect the pope's temporal power.

• Pope John XXIIRelated: John’s conflict with Louis IV concerned the political independence and authority of the papacy.

• Pope Urban VIRelated: Urban’s effort to strengthen control over these territories shaped his conflicts with Italian rulers.

• Lucrezia BorgiaRelated: Alexander VI’s territorial ambitions shaped the alliances and conflicts around Lucrezia.

• Pope Adrian VIRelated: Adrian inherited the political and administrative responsibilities of the pope’s territorial state.

• Pope Gregory XVIRelated: Their political survival was a central concern of Gregory XVI's opposition to national and liberal movements.

• Pope Sylvester IIRelated: Sylvester's pontificate involved the political authority and territorial claims of the Roman church.

• War of the League of CognacRelated: Clement’s defeat and subsequent agreement with Charles constrained the papacy’s political independence.

• Giacomo Barozzi da VignolaRelated: Papal patronage supplied the Roman commissions that advanced Vignola’s career.

• History of ItalyRelated: Papal temporal rule was a major obstacle and counterweight to peninsula-wide unification.

• Lorenzo de' MediciRelated: Papal territorial power enabled the campaign that installed Lorenzo in Urbino.

• March of TuscanyRelated: Papal claims and alliances shaped contests for control of Tuscan lands and their rulers.

• Pope Pius VIIIRelated: Pius VIII ruled these territories as well as leading the Church.

• Pope Urban VIIRelated: Urban VII’s career unfolded within the political world of the papal territories.

• Republic of AnconaRelated: Ancona’s autonomy developed within a region claimed and periodically governed by the papacy.

• Andreas PalaiologosRelated: Papal territory provided Andreas a place to live and a source of material support.