Linked from

The 170 pages that link to Nazi Germany, each with the reason it gives.

• World War IIRelated: Its rearmament and territorial expansion drove the European crisis toward war.

• Albert EinsteinRelated: The regime’s rise made Einstein, a Jewish intellectual, remain in the United States rather than return to Germany.

• BerlinRelated: The regime ruled from Berlin and transformed the city through persecution, war, and destruction.

• BauhausRelated: Nazi pressure forced the Bauhaus to close in 1933.

• Max PlanckRelated: Planck’s institutional choices and family losses unfolded under this regime.

• Hannah ArendtRelated: The regime’s persecution and rule prompted Arendt’s study of totalitarianism.

• German ExpressionismRelated: Its cultural policy persecuted artists and removed Expressionist works from public collections.

• Invasion of PolandRelated: Its leadership used the invasion to expand eastward and dismantle the Polish state.

• Emmy NoetherRelated: The regime’s dismissal of Jewish academics forced Noether to leave Göttingen in 1933.

• Max ReinhardtRelated: The Nazi rise to power forced Reinhardt, who was Jewish, into exile.

• Richard StraussRelated: Strauss’s official position and conduct during this period remain subjects of historical scrutiny.

• Holocaust educationRelated: Its institutions organized persecution, deportation, and mass murder.

• Paul von HindenburgRelated: Hitler’s appointment by Hindenburg helped bring this dictatorship into being.

• Walter GropiusRelated: Nazi authorities forced the Bauhaus to close, accelerating Gropius’s departure from Germany.

• Black Mountain CollegeRelated: The college provided refuge and teaching posts for artists who fled Nazi persecution.

• The Remains of the DayRelated: Darlington’s associations with German figures expose the stakes of his political misjudgments.

• Ludwig Mies van der RoheRelated: Political repression and the closure of the Bauhaus shaped his departure from Germany.

• OrdoliberalismRelated: The regime's coercive control sharpened ordoliberal concerns about the relationship between economic and political power.

• Richard WillstätterRelated: As a Jew, Willstätter faced the regime's persecution and left Germany after the Nazi rise to power.

• Eric HobsbawmRelated: The rise of Nazism helped shape his lifelong political outlook and historical concerns.

• Fritz LangRelated: Lang left Germany in 1933 amid the regime’s cultural control and the reception of The Testament of Dr. Mabuse.

• Fritz LondonRelated: As a Jewish scientist, London left Germany after the Nazi rise to power.

• Great Patriotic WarRelated: Its leadership launched the invasion and sought to conquer Soviet territory.

• IG FarbenRelated: The regime’s rearmament and racial policies shaped IG Farben’s wartime operations and forced-labor system.

• Max HorkheimerRelated: The Nazi takeover forced Horkheimer and the Institute into exile.

• Richard BrauerRelated: The regime’s persecution of Jews forced Brauer, who was Jewish, to leave Germany.

• UstašeRelated: It sponsored the Croatian state while retaining dominant influence over its wartime order.

• Bernard KatzRelated: Katz, who was Jewish, emigrated from Germany after the Nazi regime came to power.

• Charles LindberghRelated: Lindbergh’s visits and favorable assessments of German air power complicated his later reputation.

• James FranckRelated: Antisemitic persecution forced Franck, who was Jewish, to resign his Göttingen post and leave Germany.

• Kurt WeillRelated: The regime’s persecution of Jews forced Weill, who was Jewish, to leave Germany.

• Paul HindemithRelated: The regime attacked Hindemith’s music and made his position in Germany increasingly untenable.

• Pope Benedict XVIRelated: Ratzinger’s youth and brief compulsory service in the Hitler Youth unfolded under Nazi rule.

• Richard KuhnRelated: Kuhn worked within its scientific institutions and joined the Nazi Party in 1937.

• Christopher IsherwoodRelated: The rise of Nazism transformed the Berlin setting Isherwood had portrayed.

• Günter GrassRelated: Grass’s writing repeatedly examines German complicity and memory under and after this regime.

• Hermann OberthRelated: Oberth’s work in Germany’s wartime rocket program places his legacy within the politics and violence of the regime.

• Elisabeth SchwarzkopfRelated: Schwarzkopf’s early career and Nazi Party membership remain subjects of historical scrutiny.

• Nelly SachsRelated: Nazi persecution forced Sachs to escape Germany shortly before she was arrested.

• Norbert EliasRelated: The Nazi rise to power forced Elias, a German Jew, into exile.

• Otto SternRelated: The regime’s antisemitic policies drove Stern, who was Jewish, to leave Germany.

• Richard RadoRelated: Rado left Germany for Britain in 1933 as the Nazi regime came to power.

• 1936 Winter OlympicsRelated: The regime used the Games to present Germany favorably to international audiences.

• André PrevinRelated: Previn’s Jewish family left Germany in 1938 as Nazi persecution intensified.

• Douglas SirkRelated: The regime’s rise and pressure on Sirk’s family contributed to his departure from Germany.

• Hannah HöchRelated: Höch’s career continued under a regime hostile to the avant-garde and its politics.

• Max BeckmannRelated: The regime dismissed Beckmann from his teaching post and drove him into exile.

• Rudolf SerkinRelated: Serkin and the Busch family left Europe as Nazi rule made continued life there untenable.

• Amin al-HusseiniRelated: Al-Husseini sought German support against Britain and Zionism, while Nazi leaders pursued their own aims.

• Erich MendelsohnRelated: The Nazi rise to power forced the Jewish architect into exile from Germany.