Linked from

The 344 pages that link to Ottoman Empire, each with the reason it gives.

• Russian EmpireCompared with: Its long rivalry with Russia shaped wars and borders around the Black Sea and Caucasus.

• Mongol EmpireCompared with: Its durable territorial administration contrasts with the Mongol Empire’s division into successor states.

• Habsburg MonarchyCompared with: Its rivalry and wars with the Habsburgs shaped the monarchy’s southeastern frontier.

• Spanish EmpireCompared with: The Ottomans were Spain's major imperial rival in the Mediterranean during the 16th century.

• ConstantinopleNarrower topic: After 1453, Constantinople became its capital and principal imperial city.

• Philip II of SpainCompared with: Its Mediterranean rivalry with Habsburg Spain shaped Philip’s naval strategy.

• Crimean WarRelated: The Ottoman government’s sovereignty was the central issue contested by Russia and its allies.

• Spice tradeCompared with: Ottoman control of eastern Mediterranean routes shaped European efforts to find alternative spice access.

• Armenian genocideNarrower topic: The deportations and killings were carried out by its wartime government and forces.

• Fall of ConstantinopleNarrower topic: Its expansion encircled and ultimately absorbed Constantinople.

• Austrian EmpireCompared with: Its retreat from southeastern Europe created both rivalry and opportunities for Habsburg expansion.

• Safavid dynastyCompared with: The Ottomans were the Safavids’ principal western rival and a competing Sunni imperial power.

• Republic of VeniceCompared with: Venice’s eastern Mediterranean trade and territories were repeatedly contested by Ottoman power.

• IstanbulNarrower topic: Its rulers made Istanbul the center of a vast empire for nearly five centuries.

• Suleiman the MagnificentNarrower topic: Suleiman's reign was a pivotal period in the empire's long history.

• Venetian RepublicCompared with: Ottoman expansion challenged Venetian possessions and reshaped its eastern diplomacy.

• British Mandate for PalestineCompared with: Ottoman imperial rule preceded the mandate and operated through a different system of sovereignty.

• Hagia SophiaNarrower topic: Ottoman conquest brought Hagia Sophia into a new imperial and religious setting.

• Mehmed IINarrower topic: Mehmed expanded and centralized the empire inherited by his successors.

• CaliphateRelated: Ottoman rulers connected imperial sovereignty with claims to caliphal leadership.

• Safavid IranCompared with: Its Sunni rulers contested Safavid territory and challenged Shiite claims to leadership.

• Turkic peoplesRelated: Its long rule shaped Turkish history and influenced neighboring Turkic communities.

• Young Turk RevolutionNarrower topic: The revolution reshaped the empire’s government during its final decades.

• Ottoman–Habsburg warsRelated: Its expansion into southeastern Europe brought it into sustained conflict with the Habsburgs.

• AnatoliaRelated: Its rise from Anatolia reshaped the peninsula and the surrounding regions.

• Sykes–Picot AgreementNarrower topic: The agreement mapped proposed Allied spheres across Ottoman Arab territories.

• Russian conquest of the CaucasusRelated: Ottoman-Russian rivalry shaped the western Caucasus frontier and its eventual settlement.

• TimurCompared with: Unlike Timur’s short-lived conquests, the Ottoman state endured and recovered from Ankara.

• Treaty of KarlowitzNarrower topic: The territorial losses made its retreat from Central Europe unmistakable.

• Crimean KhanateRelated: Ottoman protection and suzerainty strengthened the khanate while preserving its internal rule.

• Gunpowder warfareRelated: Ottoman forces became prominent users of firearms and heavy artillery during the technology's spread.

• European colonialismCompared with: Its expansion complicates accounts that treat empire-building as uniquely European.

• Ottoman militaryNarrower topic: Its territorial growth created the changing military demands and institutions of the armed forces.

• Republic of TurkeyNarrower topic: Its defeat in World War I and dissolution created the conditions for a successor republic.

• Ottoman dynastyNarrower topic: The dynasty’s history is inseparable from the empire it governed.

• Abu HanifaRelated: The empire adopted Hanafi jurisprudence as its principal legal school, extending Abu Hanifa’s legacy.

• Battle of MohácsNarrower topic: Its military resources and expansion under Suleiman shaped the campaign’s outcome.

• Gallipoli campaignRelated: The Ottomans controlled the Dardanelles and defended the peninsula.

• Qajar IranRelated: The Ottoman state was Iran’s western rival and neighbor, with recurring disputes over borders and influence.

• Knights HospitallerCompared with: Ottoman campaigns displaced the Hospitallers from Rhodes and later challenged their rule in Malta.

• Enver PashaNarrower topic: Enver's political career unfolded during its final years and wartime dissolution.

• Great Turkish WarRelated: The conflict exposed its military setbacks and forced major territorial concessions.

• Muhammad Ali of EgyptNarrower topic: Muhammad Ali governed Egypt as an Ottoman viceroy while pursuing substantial autonomy.

• Treaty of Paris (1856)Related: The treaty affirmed Ottoman territorial integrity under the guarantee of the powers.

• Alhambra DecreeRelated: Its territories became a major refuge and destination for Jewish exiles from Iberia.

• Caucasian WarRelated: Ottoman influence and rivalry shaped diplomacy and loyalties around the western Caucasus.

• T. E. LawrenceCompared with: The empire was the authority the revolt sought to dislodge from Arab provinces.

• Topkapı PalaceNarrower topic: Topkapı served as a principal seat of this empire’s rulers and government.

• First Saudi StateCompared with: Ottoman authority and claims in Arabia collided with the expanding Saudi state.

• Ottoman InterregnumNarrower topic: The interregnum interrupted the empire’s expansion and centralized rule.