Linked from
The 91 pages that link to Peace of Westphalia, each with the reason it gives.
Protestant ReformationRelated: The settlement recognized a broader range of confessional arrangements than the Peace of Augsburg.
SovereigntyRelated: It is often linked to the emergence of a state-centered account of sovereignty.
Self-determinationRelated: The state-centered order formed after 1648 shaped later debates about who holds political authority.
SecularismRelated: Its settlements helped establish the principle that territorial rulers controlled religious arrangements.
Religious pluralismRelated: Its settlement illustrates how European rulers managed religious division through political agreements.
Dutch RepublicRelated: International recognition arrived decades after the republic began governing itself.
DiplomacyRelated: Its settlements are often associated with the development of state sovereignty and modern diplomacy.
Absolute monarchyRelated: The settlement reinforced territorial rulers’ authority, though it did not create absolute monarchy.
Swedish EmpireRelated: The settlements confirmed Swedish territorial gains and influence within the Holy Roman Empire.
Religious tolerationRelated: Its settlement widened legal recognition of Christian confessions while leaving rulers substantial control over religion.
Nation-stateRelated: It is often treated as a milestone in the development of sovereign territorial rule.
StateRelated: It is often associated with the development of territorial sovereignty, though its role is debated.
Peace of AugsburgRelated: They later extended imperial recognition to Reformed Christians, whom the 1555 settlement had excluded.
Balance of powerRelated: Its settlement became associated with a European order of sovereign states and competing powers.
AbsolutismRelated: Its aftermath strengthened territorial rulers, though it did not create absolute monarchy.
Golden Bull of 1356Related: Its settlement operated within an imperial order whose electoral framework the Golden Bull had established.
EuropeRelated: The settlement is often associated with the development of state sovereignty in Europe.
Old Swiss ConfederacyRelated: The settlement formally recognized the Confederacy’s separation from the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of the PyreneesRelated: The Pyrenees agreement followed Westphalia but left the Franco-Spanish conflict unresolved.
Eighty Years' WarRelated: The Peace of Münster formed part of the broader 1648 Westphalian settlement.
Hugo GrotiusRelated: Grotius’s death preceded the settlement often associated with the state-centered order his work addressed.
Leopold I, Holy Roman EmperorRelated: Its constraints on imperial authority formed part of the political order Leopold inherited.
Gustavus AdolphusRelated: Sweden’s position at the settlement grew from the intervention Gustavus began.
Philip IV of SpainRelated: Spain continued fighting France after 1648, making the settlement an incomplete end to Philip’s wars.
Imperial DietRelated: The Diet later incorporated the settlement’s provisions into imperial law.
Prince-electorRelated: It recognized Bavaria’s electorate and created a new vote for the Palatinate.
State religionRelated: Its settlement helped entrench the idea that rulers could determine religion within their territories.
NeutralityRelated: The settlement helped establish a state-centered system in which neutrality could develop.
AlsaceRelated: Its terms began the region’s incorporation into the French kingdom.
Enlightened absolutismRelated: Its settlement reinforced territorial rulers' authority, an institutional backdrop for later reforming monarchies.
Treaty of RoskildeRelated: Both settlements followed major European wars, but Roskilde redrew state borders through direct territorial cessions.
Freedom of conscienceRelated: Its arrangements linked religious settlement to territorial political power.
Hostage-takingRelated: Early modern treaties and diplomacy used hostages as guarantees before the practice became widely condemned.
Military interventionRelated: The sovereignty tradition often invoked to limit intervention is linked to this settlement.
Standing armyRelated: Postwar state-building and security competition accelerated the growth of permanent forces.
PomeraniaRelated: The settlement divided Pomerania between Sweden and Brandenburg after the Griffin line ended.
Treaty of MünsterRelated: The treaty was concluded alongside the Westphalian settlement, though separately from the imperial peace.
ConfessionalizationRelated: Its agreements adjusted the legal framework for confessional coexistence in the Empire.
Electorate of SaxonyRelated: Saxony’s wartime alignments and losses formed part of the settlement’s aftermath.
Anne of AustriaRelated: Anne’s government continued France’s war and diplomacy as the settlement altered the balance of power.
AugsburgRelated: The treaties extended and revised the religious settlement first negotiated at Augsburg.
Great powerRelated: The settlements are often linked to the emergence of sovereign-state diplomacy.
Radical ReformationRelated: Its limited recognition of religious plurality followed generations of conflict over confessional uniformity.
State monopoly on violenceRelated: It is often associated with the historical consolidation of territorially organized sovereignty.
Pope Innocent XRelated: Innocent X rejected the treaty’s provisions affecting Catholic interests.
Swedish ReformationRelated: Sweden’s Lutheran monarchy emerged as a major power within the wider Protestant-Catholic conflict.
Pope Urban VIIIRelated: Urban opposed the settlement, but its recognition of state sovereignty diminished papal influence.
Electorate of BrandenburgRelated: Its territorial settlement left Brandenburg with important gains, including rights in Pomerania.
MecklenburgRelated: It confirmed Swedish possession of Wismar and altered Mecklenburg’s Baltic surroundings.
Axel OxenstiernaRelated: Sweden’s gains in the settlement followed years of diplomacy conducted under Oxenstierna’s leadership.