Linked from

The 91 pages that link to Peace of Westphalia, each with the reason it gives.

• Protestant ReformationRelated: The settlement recognized a broader range of confessional arrangements than the Peace of Augsburg.

• Holy Roman EmpireBroader topic: The settlement strengthened territorial rulers and formalized a negotiated imperial order.

• Congress of ViennaCompared with: Westphalia addressed a different European conflict and political structure than Vienna's post-Napoleonic settlement.

• SovereigntyRelated: It is often linked to the emergence of a state-centered account of sovereignty.

• Thirty Years' WarBroader topic: These treaties formally ended the conflict and settled its central disputes.

• Self-determinationRelated: The state-centered order formed after 1648 shaped later debates about who holds political authority.

• SecularismRelated: Its settlements helped establish the principle that territorial rulers controlled religious arrangements.

• Religious pluralismRelated: Its settlement illustrates how European rulers managed religious division through political agreements.

• Dutch RepublicRelated: International recognition arrived decades after the republic began governing itself.

• DiplomacyRelated: Its settlements are often associated with the development of state sovereignty and modern diplomacy.

• TreatyBroader topic: The settlements became associated with changing political order and ideas of state authority.

• Absolute monarchyRelated: The settlement reinforced territorial rulers’ authority, though it did not create absolute monarchy.

• Swedish EmpireRelated: The settlements confirmed Swedish territorial gains and influence within the Holy Roman Empire.

• Religious tolerationRelated: Its settlement widened legal recognition of Christian confessions while leaving rulers substantial control over religion.

• Nation-stateRelated: It is often treated as a milestone in the development of sovereign territorial rule.

• StateRelated: It is often associated with the development of territorial sovereignty, though its role is debated.

• Peace of AugsburgRelated: They later extended imperial recognition to Reformed Christians, whom the 1555 settlement had excluded.

• Balance of powerRelated: Its settlement became associated with a European order of sovereign states and competing powers.

• Edict of NantesCompared with: Its broader international framework contrasts with Nantes's domestic French royal decree.

• AbsolutismRelated: Its aftermath strengthened territorial rulers, though it did not create absolute monarchy.

• Westphalian sovereigntyBroader topic: Later accounts treated these settlements as the founding moment of a sovereign-state order.

• Golden Bull of 1356Related: Its settlement operated within an imperial order whose electoral framework the Golden Bull had established.

• EuropeRelated: The settlement is often associated with the development of state sovereignty in Europe.

• Old Swiss ConfederacyRelated: The settlement formally recognized the Confederacy’s separation from the Holy Roman Empire.

• Treaty of the PyreneesRelated: The Pyrenees agreement followed Westphalia but left the Franco-Spanish conflict unresolved.

• Eighty Years' WarRelated: The Peace of Münster formed part of the broader 1648 Westphalian settlement.

• Hugo GrotiusRelated: Grotius’s death preceded the settlement often associated with the state-centered order his work addressed.

• Leopold I, Holy Roman EmperorRelated: Its constraints on imperial authority formed part of the political order Leopold inherited.

• Gustavus AdolphusRelated: Sweden’s position at the settlement grew from the intervention Gustavus began.

• Philip IV of SpainRelated: Spain continued fighting France after 1648, making the settlement an incomplete end to Philip’s wars.

• Imperial DietRelated: The Diet later incorporated the settlement’s provisions into imperial law.

• Prince-electorRelated: It recognized Bavaria’s electorate and created a new vote for the Palatinate.

• State religionRelated: Its settlement helped entrench the idea that rulers could determine religion within their territories.

• Treaty of NystadCompared with: Westphalia helped expand Sweden’s European position, which Nystad later sharply diminished.

• NeutralityRelated: The settlement helped establish a state-centered system in which neutrality could develop.

• Treaty of RyswickCompared with: It settled a different European conflict and established an earlier framework for interstate peace.

• AlsaceRelated: Its terms began the region’s incorporation into the French kingdom.

• Enlightened absolutismRelated: Its settlement reinforced territorial rulers' authority, an institutional backdrop for later reforming monarchies.

• Treaty of RoskildeRelated: Both settlements followed major European wars, but Roskilde redrew state borders through direct territorial cessions.

• Freedom of conscienceRelated: Its arrangements linked religious settlement to territorial political power.

• Hostage-takingRelated: Early modern treaties and diplomacy used hostages as guarantees before the practice became widely condemned.

• Peace movementNarrower topic: Its settlement became a lasting reference point for efforts to end wars through negotiated agreements.

• Military interventionRelated: The sovereignty tradition often invoked to limit intervention is linked to this settlement.

• Revocation of the Edict of NantesCompared with: It contrasted with France’s later retreat from limited religious coexistence.

• Standing armyRelated: Postwar state-building and security competition accelerated the growth of permanent forces.

• Concordat of 1801Compared with: It offers a broader political settlement involving religious divisions, unlike Napoleon's domestic church agreement.

• PomeraniaRelated: The settlement divided Pomerania between Sweden and Brandenburg after the Griffin line ended.

• Treaty of MünsterRelated: The treaty was concluded alongside the Westphalian settlement, though separately from the imperial peace.

• Act of AbjurationCompared with: Its international settlement gave recognition that the unilateral declaration itself could not secure.

• ConfessionalizationRelated: Its agreements adjusted the legal framework for confessional coexistence in the Empire.